Author: Wu Yichan (an academician of the CAS Member) pointed out in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that over the past decade, basic research and original innovation have been continuously strengthened, some key core technologies have achieved breakthroughs, strategic emerging industries have developed and expanded, and manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, deep-sea and deep earth exploration, supercomputers, satellite navigation, quantum information, nuclear power technology, new energy technology, large aircraft manufacturing, biomedicine and other major achievements have been made, Enter the ranks of innovative countries. As a scientific and technological worker, in the new era and new journey, I really feel that China's scientific research is ushering in a new spring, and everyone is eager to embrace this change. In recent years, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's investment in scientific and technological research and development has continued to increase. According to the recently released statistical bulletin on national scientific and technological investment, China's investment in science and technology in 2021 will increase by 6.7% compared with the previous year. At the same time, however, there are still problems of low transformation rate of scientific research and difficult transformation of scientific and technological achievements. According to the data in the 2020 China Patent Investigation Report issued by the State Intellectual Property Office, the industrialization rate of effective invention patents is only 34.7%, including 44.9% for enterprises, 11.3% for scientific research institutes and 3.8% for universities. In order to better transform scientific research into productive forces and make scientific research achievements more "useful", the Party and the government have taken a series of measures to solve the problem, and we believe that further efforts will be made in the future. What are the difficulties in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements? In the past scientific research practice, scientific research institutions, colleges and universities, as the suppliers of science and technology, were called innovation chains; As the demander of science and technology, high-tech enterprises and financial capital are called industrial chains. For a long time, the innovation chain and the industrial chain are relatively isolated, and the two chains are linked through patent transfer, licensing, pricing and investment. However, patents are intangible assets, and there is no doubt that there is a multi-party game in the process of evaluation and transaction, so it is very difficult to determine the accurate value. In other words, patents are dependent on inventors, and talents are the first resource. If the efficient and orderly flow of human resources cannot be achieved, the linkage between the innovation chain and the industrial chain will be difficult to achieve. Innovation driven development strategy must adhere to dual wheel drive. In terms of scientific and technological innovation, taking the nuclear energy field in which the author is engaged as an example, we should attach importance to the research, development and application of the next generation nuclear system in order to achieve the high level of self-reliance and leadership of China's science and technology. In addition, institutional innovation is equally important. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have paid attention to the decoupling of innovation chain and industrial chain, and issued a series of measures to strengthen guidance on the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, including the newly issued "Fourteenth Five Year Plan" for national economic and social development and the long-term goal of 2035, the newly revised Law on Science and Technology Progress, the Law on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements and the Patent Law, as well as the guidance on improving the evaluation mechanism of scientific and technological achievements in terms of evaluation guidance, At the same time, it launched the Science and Technology Innovation Board in terms of guiding funds and venture capital funds. However, it should be noted that only relying on "top-down" policy initiatives has not fundamentally changed the current situation of difficult transformation of scientific research achievements. What is the lack of "top-down" policy guidance? North put forward the theory of institutional change and won the Nobel Prize in economics for this theory. system