The Early Communication History of The Analects in Europe and America

2024-04-07

Since the 16th century, there has been an unprecedented "China fever" in Europe, which has sparked a strong interest in China among local literati in Europe and America. In this context, traditional Chinese classics, including the Analects, have gradually become an important source for the West to understand Chinese society, culture, and thought, and have promoted the process of "spreading knowledge from the West" and "spreading knowledge from the West to the East" for over 400 years. Due to the early dissemination of The Analects in Europe and America involving multiple countries and languages, this article mainly reviews historical materials from Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. The dissemination overview of the text of The Analects consists of 20 chapters and 492 chapters, with simple and concise sentence structures, diverse narrative methods, and the use of colloquial function words, reduplications, and sentences, reflecting the Chinese language, philosophy, literature, and other styles at that time. Li Yuming pointed out that the Analects of Confucius involves many norms of language application and attitudes towards language behavior. It regards language as an external expression of thought, and is one of the external forms of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, etc., reflecting human taste categories. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Analects of Confucius has been included in Confucian classics. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Neo Confucian scholar Zhu Xi combined this work with the Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, and Mencius to form the "Four Books". Since then, the "Four Books" have not only become a must read classic for literati in various dynasties, but also gradually become an important reference for the Chinese imperial examination. Numerous literati from various dynasties have annotated the Analects of Confucius, and currently, there are orderly and influential annotated works such as Zheng Xuan's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius from the Han Dynasty, He Yan's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius from the Three Kingdoms period, Huang Kan's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius from the Southern Liang Dynasty, Zhu Xi's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius from the Song Dynasty, Liu Baonan's Justice on the Analects of Confucius from the Qing Dynasty, and Cheng Shude's Annotations on the Analects of Confucius from the Republic of China. The first four parts of it also spread overseas along with the Analects. Zhu Xi's annotations are considered as the culmination of works on the Analects, making them a must read document for studying and researching the Analects both domestically and internationally. Around the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD, Vietnam, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and others successively introduced and studied Chinese classics such as the Analects. Up to now, in the cultural circle of Chinese characters, from the upper class to the general public, Chinese traditional concepts such as Confucianism are consciously promoted. The influence of Confucianism also covers multiple fields such as politics, ideology, education, imperial examinations, customs, etc. When it was disseminated in Europe and America, the audience of The Analects was slightly different, showing a characteristic of elitism. Its influence gradually spread from the religious field to the fields of philosophy, culture, education, etc., with the diffusion time concentrated in the 17th to 19th centuries. The process of its dissemination can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is the initial learning and translation of classics such as the Analects, with a considerable variety of translation types; The second stage is to write various general or specialized Chinese textbooks containing the content of the Analects of Confucius, to help learners enhance their written language abilities; The third stage is the beginning of professional Sinology under the guidance of missionary Sinology, and classics such as the Analects are regarded as important content for conducting research and implementing teaching in Sinology or Chinese language majors. Li Yuming and Wang Chunhui pointed out that the number of translated texts in a language can often be an important indicator of its influence. Therefore, the number of translated languages and versions of The Analects is also an important indicator of its international influence. According to Yang Yufen's 2022 report

Edit:GuoGuo    Responsible editor:FangZhiYou

Source:gmw.cn

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