Operation management is the basis of winning modern war, the core of modern operation system, and the planning, organization, coordination and control of personnel, equipment, information, resources, time and space and other elements in the process of operation. Operational management system refers to the command information system used to support operational management activities, including intelligence collection, information transmission, target identification, threat judgment, weapon distribution, mission planning, etc. It develops gradually with the evolution of war and technological progress. Combat management system: the core of modern combat system ■ Yang Lianzhen Schematic diagram of operation management system Past life and present life It is the goal and dream of commanders in different war periods to implement timely and accurate command and control of combat operations and make timely and decisive combat decisions. Before the emergence of scientific management, there was no concept of operation management in war, so it is natural to talk about operation management system. However, the simple operation management activities and systems have always been accompanied and integrated with the war. The core of combat management is to ensure that commanders and troops can exchange information and instructions smoothly. In the ancient battle command command system, gold, drums and flags were called "three officials". They were called "golden drums" because they didn't hear each other. They were called "flags" because they couldn't see each other. Visual and ear listening was the original means of command and control. After the invention of telegraph, telephone and radio, the long-distance and rapid transmission of combat orders and combat information has become a reality. The scope of combat management has changed from plane to three-dimensional. The war decision of "planning strategies and winning thousands of miles" is no longer a myth. Of course, the traditional battlefield management methods are not completely ineffective. For example, on the battlefield of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea, due to limited communication conditions, the following units are still transmitting battle orders through military bugles, and there are more than 20 kinds of battle related bugles. "The sound from all sides rises with horns". The bugle on the Korean battlefield once frightened the US military. Li Qiwei wrote in his memoir: "as soon as it rings, the Chinese Communist army will be like magic, all of them will jump on the coalition army. At this time, the coalition army will always be beaten like a tide." At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of scientific management gradually heated up, and the army quickly applied it to combat. The term "combat management" first appeared in the US air force. The combat administrator in its organization carries out long-range target indication and voice guidance to fighters based on radar detection. The combat core organization is called BM / C3 system, namely battle management and command, control and communication. In 1946, the first electronic computer "eniak" was successfully developed, and the army began to use computers to store and process various data related to operations. In 1958, the US military built the world's first semi-automatic combat management system - "Saiqi" air defense command and control system, which realized the automation of information collection, processing, transmission and command decision-making process for the first time. In the same year, the Soviet Army built the "sky 1" semi-automatic air defense command and control system. The combat management system began to appear on the stage of war, and man-machine cooperative decision-making has gradually become the main form of combat decision-making for commanders. In the "rolling thunder" campaign in the Vietnam War, the US military commanded more than 5000 aircraft, dispatched 1.29 million sorties and dropped 7.75 million tons of bombs. It would not be possible to achieve it by manual command alone. The combat management system has gone through the construction stage of weapon centered, platform centered, network centered and system centered. It can gradually receive and process the information from multi domain sensors and other sources, perceive and generate the combat situation map in real time, automatically command and control the forces and equipment, and intelligently assist the commander in decision-making, involving land, sea, air and other services and arms. For example, the "ruler" combat management system of the Israeli army, the individual digital device is connected to the channel status information equipment, which is used to provide real-time situational awareness and command and control information for the forces performing tactical operations, fire support and so on. The "Aegis" combat system of the US Navy adopts multi task signal processor to integrate air defense and anti missile capabilities, so as to realize the integration of Shipborne Phased Array Radar, command decision-making, weapon control and so on. Accsloc1 system of NATO air force, based on network distributed deployment, integrates 40 types of radars and more than 3000 physical interfaces, and undertakes air operations such as mission planning, battle command and battle supervision. From the start of the first Gulf War to the Libyan war, the time from the acquisition of information by sensors to the firing of weapons was shortened from 24 hours to 2.5 minutes. Functional features Combat management system is a rapidly developing and continuously improving distributed operating system, which mainly collects and processes sensor data, unblocks all kinds of information transmission and fusion, carries out situation identification and prediction, generates combat plans, completes action evaluation and selection, and issues combat instructions to weapon platforms and shooters. Its essence is to realize an efficient operational "observation judgment decision action" cycle (OODA ring). The combat management system widely uses situation assessment and prediction, combat space-time analysis, online real-time planning, combat resource management and control and combat management engine technology, and adopts the technical architecture of "cloud + Network + end" based on information technology. For example, the US military took the lead in using information technology to build a C4ISR system integrating command, control, computer, communication, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, which laid the foundation for the combat management system. In the Afghan war, C4ISR system realized the near real-time transmission of combat information to the combat platform for the first time. With the continuous maturity of sensors, networks and artificial intelligence, technologies such as intelligent situation understanding and prediction, intelligent information push, intelligent task planning, intelligent collaborative control, intelligent rapid reconfiguration and intelligent parallel command and control are having a more and more significant impact on the combat management system. Combat management system usually supports the functions of situation awareness, mission planning, engagement management, communication, modeling, simulation and analysis, test training and so on. For example, the missile defense operation management system mainly includes command and control, engagement management, communication and other functions. Command and control function to realize pre war battle planning and battlefield situation awareness; The function of engagement management is to assist in operational decision-making, allocate anti missile weapons and complete strike tasks; Communication function to realize the transmission and sharing of intelligence and data of each anti missile unit of the system. Combat management system is an open and complex system. The structure determines the function, and different system structures determine the function expansion of different systems: the ship self-defense operation management system enables the ship to have a strong self-defense ability through automatic weapon control regulations, cooperative engagement management system and tactical data link; Electromagnetic warfare management system improves the planning, sharing and mobility of electromagnetic spectrum by fusing and displaying battlefield electromagnetic spectrum data; The individual combat system enhances the mobility, support, lethality and survivability of soldiers by integrating individual protection, individual combat weapons and individual communication equipment. Combat management system generally has the characteristics of integration, automation, optimization, real-time and so on. With the complexity of modern war operation mode and the expansion of battlefield scale, the requirements for force management and control, resource integration and task scheduling are higher, so system integration must be realized. The "scorpion" system of the French army integrates tanks, armored vehicles, infantry combat vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, UAVs and attack helicopters into the same combat group, and links all platforms and combat units in the mission group. With the increase of operational elements and the expansion of battlefield perception space in modern war, the command automation system with high dependence on people can not fully adapt to it, and the automatic operation of the system must be realized. All operational functions of Pakistan's combat management artillery control system are automated, "providing an automated solution for preparing, coordinating, transmitting, executing and modifying fire support plans and firing schemes". With the accelerated pace of modern warfare and massive battlefield data, we need to grasp the situation quickly and make decisions efficiently, and we must realize the optimal decision-making of the system. Military powers are combining artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Internet of things and big data technology to facilitate faster decision-making in multi domain operations. Future development The traditional combat management system emphasizes that it is based on the combat sequence and combat rules formulated in advance. However, the future war will highlight the confrontation between systems. It is impossible to exhaust all kinds of situations in advance, and the battlefield information that needs to be mastered will become more complex and massive. To this end, the armed forces of various countries began to abandon the traditional method of developing combat management systems separately for each combat domain, and tried to help commanders make combat decisions more quickly with the network as the center and artificial intelligence as the support, so as to realize the real-time connection between sensors in each combat domain and any shooter. The operational management system will be promoted. The "advanced combat management system" developed by the US Air Force plans to connect various services and their weapon platforms in a military Internet of things in real time. Its core is to seamlessly link various intelligence reconnaissance platforms, command and control platforms, strike platforms and combat management platforms with various cross domain capabilities, convert intelligence and target indication data into timely and available information, and shorten the cycle of "discovery positioning tracking aiming strike evaluation", Conduct operations at a speed that the opponent cannot keep up. The Russian army put forward the theory of "military unified information space", organized and developed the "automatic control system" of land, sea and air network integrated joint operation, and tried to integrate the command, communication, reconnaissance, firepower and support of the whole army through the establishment of network center command mode, so as to realize cross domain operation in a real sense and improve the battlefield situation awareness ability and battle command efficiency. The combat management system will rely on artificial intelligence technology. The application of artificial intelligence will not only multiply the capability of weapon system, but also fundamentally change the implementation of OODA ring. In the future combat management system, artificial intelligence technology will become the core support and driving engine, and the key factor is the quality of the algorithm. The system will have built-in scalable artificial intelligence, and people will be in the position of supervision or coordination, so as to minimize manual input, spontaneously identify and classify threat targets in the combat environment, independently evaluate and weigh and automatically allocate weapons, so as to provide adaptive combat advantages and decision-making options. For example, the "intelligent autonomous system strategy" released by the US Navy in July 2021 aims to accelerate the development and deployment of intelligent platforms through a highly distributed command and control architecture, integrate technologies such as unmanned systems, artificial intelligence and autopilot, and realize future combat decisions facilitated by intelligent autonomous systems. The Russian army has more than 150 AI projects under research. One of its key points is to introduce AI into the command and control system, adapt intelligent software for different weapon platforms, realize the unity of physical domain and cognitive domain, and double the combat effectiveness in the way of intelligent empowerment. The combat management system will achieve a breakthrough in cross domain capability. The army's combat management capability is changing to the coordination of land, sea, air, space, electricity, network, cognitive domain and social domain. To adapt to the global environment, the combat management system needs to have the following functions: flexible and redundant communication system, flexible and safe data operation; Artificial intelligence and machine learning directly extract and process data from sensors, and conduct decentralized integration and sharing; Segmented access according to the confidentiality level to meet the needs of perception, understanding and action. On this basis, it is also necessary to provide reconnaissance, surveillance and tactics to the troops