● cruise missiles, stealth aircraft, UAVs, hypersonic weapons, precision guided munitions, etc Modern air defense is facing "the change of air raid" ■ Yue Guiyun Cheng Zimin Write in front With the rapid development of information technology and its extensive and in-depth application in the military field, modern air raid operations are increasingly developing in the direction of unmanned, intelligent, multi-dimensional integration of air and space, hypersonic long-range precision attack, etc. the intensity, accuracy, breadth and depth of air raid are constantly increasing, showing new characteristics such as integration of air and space, penetration and depth, and free retraction and release. Modern air defense is related to the safety of people's lives and property, the overall situation of national construction, the stability of political power and social stability. Clarifying the impact of modern air raid operations on air defense and recognizing where the difficulties are, so as to have a definite aim and prevent small steps, is an important prerequisite for strengthening modern air defense construction, improving air defense quality and efficiency and consolidating the foundation for war preparation. Air intelligence early warning difficult Air condition early warning is an important part of organizing and implementing air defense operations. Early, accurate and extensive acquisition of air information of incoming targets is an important prerequisite for effective protection. The threats faced by modern air defense mainly come from cruise missiles, stealth aircraft, UAVs, precision guided bombs, intelligent bombs, etc. the new changes in the diversity, complexity, stealth and intelligence of air raid weapons all bring new challenges to air intelligence early warning. First, it is difficult to obtain early warning information. The development of new material technology has greatly improved the stealth performance of air raid equipment and reduced the probability of target detection by the other party's reconnaissance radar. The development of quantum communication technology and its application in aircraft also make it more difficult to find targets. At present, miniaturized UAVs carrying high-energy ammunition can also complete traditional air raid tasks. Due to their small size, low height and good stealth, early warning is more difficult. Second, the early warning time has been greatly shortened. At present, the hypersonic weapons developed by the world's military powers have greatly reduced the time of air defense early warning. It is reported that hypersonic weapons can fly at a speed of more than Mach 5 (about 6125 km / h) and hit global targets within one hour. Compared with conventional weapon systems, hypersonic weapons can effectively overcome the current obstacles that limit the delivery distance, time and defense system of conventional firepower, shorten the cycle of "decision-maker attacker attacking target", and compress the time from obtaining reliable intelligence to implementing target attack action. It is reported that it takes only 15 minutes for the Russian "pioneer" hypersonic missile to fly from Russia to the US capital Washington. Third, the accuracy of early warning is reduced. Modern air raid operations are often guided by high-intensity and multi-style electronic deception jamming, using advanced means to interfere with the other party's early warning and reconnaissance facilities, disrupt or even paralyze its early warning and command system, release false targets by means of unmanned "swarm", confuse the opponent, reduce the early warning and detection accuracy of air defense, and make it difficult for them to distinguish between true and false air raid platforms, Thus forced to organize a comprehensive defense, which will greatly reduce the efficiency of early warning to a certain extent. Difficult to organize and command Modern air defense organization and command is the organization and leadership of air defense struggle. It runs through the whole process of air defense action and determines the success or failure of air defense struggle. The impact of modern air raid operations on air defense organization and command is multifaceted. First, data security is difficult. Under the background of information-based local war with intelligent characteristics, air defense operations have higher requirements for real-time and accurate data and information support. The suppression and interference of modern air raid operations on network information system, especially command information system, has a serious impact on all links of air defense operation, such as data acquisition, processing and transmission. The dynamic changes of data such as air situation, protection force distribution and important target status are difficult to keep fresh in time and effectively, and can not capture the real-time state of incoming weapons, resulting in command and control errors or failures, and even fall into a passive situation. Second, it is difficult to judge the situation. Modern air raid operations are usually dominated by hypersonic, long-range three-dimensional, stealthy, accurate and intelligent unmanned, and the core and node targets are the first choice. This leads to many uncertainties in the air raid battlefield, the battlefield situation changes rapidly, and increases the "fog" of the battlefield, which makes it very difficult for air defense commanders and their command organs to timely obtain and collect intelligence information, accurately study and judge the battlefield situation, and make action decisions in time. Third, it is difficult to control and coordinate. In modern air raid operations, the enemy's air raid weapons have a high damage rate and great destructiveness, and people will inevitably have feelings of tension, fear and anxiety. In addition, there are many units involved in air defense operations, large targets, tight requirements for population evacuation time, the integration of various rescue forces, many clues for joint operations, complex organization, easy traffic jams and communication interruptions in wartime, all of which will have a profound impact on the control and coordination of air defense operations. Thirdly, modern air raid operations, electronic warfare and network warfare run through the whole process of the operation, and communication hubs, alarm facilities, radio and television systems are likely to become important targets of the enemy's air raid. Once locked, the enemy may use new attack means such as hypersonic equipment and intelligent unmanned equipment to carry out fatal attacks on important targets, further increasing the difficulty of air defense organization and command. Difficult to shelter during population evacuation Organizing population evacuation is an effective measure to reduce air defense pressure, reduce urban loss, maintain social stability and preserve war potential. In the future information-based local war, organizing urban population evacuation is still the top priority of air defense operations. The outbreak of modern air raid operations is sudden and fast-paced. The early evacuation and emergency evacuation of urban population will face complex and difficult tests such as time urgency, great threat of enemy situation, vulnerability to attack, complex organization, coordination imbalance, loss of order of action and so on. First, the time of population evacuation and shelter is limited. Modern air raid operations are suddenly fierce, fast-paced, and the early warning time is extremely limited. In addition, people's fear and panic and the destruction of important transportation hubs will make it difficult to organize early air defense evacuation and emergency evacuation, and reduce the efficiency of population evacuation. Second, the safety of evacuation is facing challenges. Due to the reduction of evacuation efficiency, the probability of evacuees exposed to the enemy's air attack range increases. In addition, the enemy's air attack weapons have great power and high precision. Under the background of "discovery and destruction", evacuees are very likely to suffer air attack or secondary hazards, and the security threat faced by population evacuation is severe. Third, it is more complicated to organize emergency evacuation during the enemy's night air raid. The wide application of precision guided weapons and the development of night vision technology make modern air strikes break through the limitation of day and night. When the enemy carries out strategic air raid at night, the evacuation of people is often restricted by the bad visual conditions at night and the psychological impact of air raid, which makes it more complex and difficult to organize emergency evacuation at night. Difficult to protect important economic targets Important economic objectives are the lifeblood of the national economy, the foundation of war potential and the cornerstone of social stability. Once an important economic target is attacked, it is bound to have a significant impact on the national economy and people's livelihood, war potential, maintaining the basic operation of the city and economic recovery. Due to the strong technicality, complex structure, weak anti destruction ability and often interrelated, such targets are very easy to cause joint and several effects and secondary disasters. First, the difficulty of target camouflage increases. Modern air raid reconnaissance and intelligence system is composed of space-based, air-based, land-based and sea based reconnaissance and intelligence subsystems and network integrated information subsystems. By using reconnaissance equipment such as infrared, visible light, microwave remote sensing and laser, it can achieve the effects of reconnaissance accuracy, three-dimensional and visualization. For example, the "Predator" unmanned reconnaissance aircraft of the United States can achieve centimeter resolution of ground targets at an altitude of 4500 meters, and the reconnaissance satellite operating in an orbit of 160 kilometers can distinguish targets of 0.1 meters on the ground. At the same time, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, unmanned reconnaissance "bee colony" is widely used in early warning detection, especially close reconnaissance has obvious advantages. It can accurately lock the target according to the characteristics of the target and the activities of nearby personnel. In 2020, Russia began to equip "hound" unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, equipped with a new intelligent reconnaissance system, which is specially designed for air defense radar and air defense missile system, with the characteristics of concealment and strong mobility. Whether it is a high-altitude unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and satellites, or an approaching unmanned "swarm", it will cause great difficulties for concealment and camouflage in the battlefield. Second, the challenge of target protection is severe. The application of disruptive technology in the military field has led to the development of modern air raid operations in land, sea, air, space, electricity, network and other fields, and various tangible and intangible means of attack emerge one after another. Electronic warfare aircraft and early warning command aircraft play a more and more important role in modern air raid system; All kinds of UAVs have been widely used in air raid operations; The fourth generation stealth aircraft has been put into actual combat, which has greatly enhanced the penetration ability of the air raid system; The intelligence level, anti-jamming capability and target recognition capability of precision guided munitions such as air launched missiles, cruise missiles, aviation guided bombs, hypersonic missiles and anti radiation missiles have been enhanced, and the operational efficiency has been greatly improved; The development of future air raid operations will further improve the hit accuracy of precision guided ammunition and further enhance the precision strike capability of air raid system. At the same time, the combat space has gradually developed into adjacent space and space, which has greatly accelerated the process of air raid and achieved the effect of rapid attack and quick decision; Using small or ultra small UAVs to carry out "swarm" attack on important economic targets over the battlefield and in shallow and near tactical depth will cause great difficulties for the protection of important targets. It is difficult to eliminate the consequences of air strikes Eliminating the consequences of air strikes is an important task of air defense operations, which directly affects the security and stability of society. With the wide application of high-tech air raid equipment on the battlefield and the continuous innovation of air raid methods, the intensity, accuracy, breadth and depth of modern air raid increase exponentially, which brings many difficulties to effectively eliminate the consequences of air raid, quickly restore urban functions and maintain social order and stability. First, the task of eliminating the consequences of air strikes is arduous. Modern society is a large interconnected system. Transportation is connected to energy, energy is connected to the network, the network is connected to finance, and finance is connected to all aspects of social life. If attacked at all, it will cause paralysis of multiple systems and chaos in multiple fields. Eliminating the consequences of air strikes includes restoring the physical state, It also includes restoring the order of the social environment and the normal operation of the virtual space. The task is extremely arduous. In addition, modern air raids have high precision and intensity, and the special selection of core node targets is easy to cause the situation of "destruction point paralysis", which makes the task of air defense action to eliminate the consequences more complex and heavy. Second, the actions to eliminate the consequences of air strikes are complex. Modern air raid operations have many types of targets, long duration and wide range of air raid. Organizing and implementing actions to eliminate the consequences of air raid involves many forces such as fire fighting, rescue, emergency repair, emergency communication and stability maintenance. In addition, it is necessary to grasp priorities and distinguish key points and keys, which makes the task of air defense organization coordination extremely heavy. At the same time, the air raid caused the interruption of traffic and communication, destroyed the means of command, reduced the coordination efficiency, and made it more difficult to eliminate the consequences of air raid in the process of air raid. Third, the time limit for eliminating the consequences of air strikes is limited. The high-speed operation of modern society and the short suspension of any social system will cause extensive chain reaction and public panic, which requires air defense operations to eliminate the consequences of air strikes and restore social order in the shortest possible time. However, the chaos caused by air strikes often leads to the elimination of air strikes