In December 11th, the life science forum of the science forum of the Great Bay area was held in Guangzhou. Gao Fu, director of the China Academy of Sciences and China's Center for Disease Control and prevention, made a keynote speech entitled "COVID-19: challenges and opportunities" through remote video. "There is no doubt that vaccines have always been the best weapon against infectious diseases." Gao Fu stressed. Although the effect of the vaccine may gradually weaken over time, the vaccine provides basic immune effects: prevention of infection, disease, transmission, severe disease and death. In terms of vaccine research, China has always been in the first echelon in the world. At present, seven vaccines have been listed or used urgently in China. In terms of drug research and development, there are not only biological macromolecules such as antibodies, peptides and small molecule drugs, but also traditional Chinese medicine in China. "If the world does not share vaccines, viruses will share the world." Gao Fu appealed: "people all over the world should realize that the virus will not talk about sovereignty with anyone, so we must work together." Here, Gaofu puts forward the concept of "one health". Human beings should not only pay attention to human health, but also pay attention to environmental health, animal health and other aspects. Everyone should deal with the virus together, so that mankind will have a future. "We always adhere to the basic principle of people first and life first. China should be the only country in the world that can be dynamically cleared." Gao Fu said. The following is the report on the theme of COVID-19: challenges and opportunities: Distinguished academician Zhong Nanshan, academician Xu Tao and experts, good morning. My topic is COVID-19, challenge and opportunity. Recently, we have paid most attention to the two issues of the new crown pandemic, one is Omicron and the other is sequential immunization. Let me talk about my personal views. The emergence of Omicron began in South Africa. It was Berta and Alfa before. Now there is a general situation. What we are most concerned about is that there are a large number of mutations in the immune source target, many antibodies do not work, and the vaccine is expected to be greatly reduced. From the perspective of receptor binding site (RBD), the virus isolated and sequenced from pangolin in Guangdong has about 7 RBD changes compared with the prototype virus in Wuhan. Today, we see about 15 changes in Omicron, which is everyone's concern. From the perspective of RBD, it has more variations than the pangolin virus found in Guangdong. Sequential immunization, our laboratory showed that two live vaccines + one protein vaccine had a very good effect on mice, so it came out. As academician Zhong Nanshan said just now, one-way vaccination has a good advantage. Theoretically, a small amount of vaccination and one-way vaccination can improve immunity, which is in line with the basic immunological law. The pandemic has provided us with many opportunities. Zero distance can be achieved from basic research to application forwarding. Recently, you can see that the drugs of the team led by Professor Zhao have been approved in China. Before that, the vaccine cooperated by the Institute of Microbiology and Junshi has been approved for emergency use in Europe and the United States. This work was published earlier in nature. The first articles in the world described the binding site of binding receptor, which was developed quickly, so there is no distance from basic research to product development. Another work our team did was to design RBD vaccine. Zhifei transformed it into vaccine, and the first protein vaccine was urgently approved. Looking back on history, pathogenic microorganisms have brought many disasters to mankind, but they do play a very important role in understanding the world, including the DNA spiral structure mentioned by academician Zhong Nanshan just now. It is found that DNA is genetic material, plays a very important role in the research of viruses and bacteria, and promotes the engineering of science and technology. I think medicine is an engineering category, Medicine is not just medicine, medicine is higher than science. Science is seeking differences, while medicine is seeking common ground and excellence. Engineering is seeking perfection. Medicine belongs to the category of engineering. Therefore, many of you are clinical doctors represented by Zhong Nanshan, who are very experienced. The final goal is to cure people. Scientific differences and medical convergence alone can not solve the problem. China has experienced three periods. The first period is the containment of the virus represented by Wuhan; The second period is containment + repression; Now it's precision prevention and control. Therefore, China has made many achievements in global public health at the teaching level. This series of work is unimaginable in the past. Waves in China are waves, and tsunamis occur internationally. In the face of COVID-19, we summed up that in the future, we must adhere to the attitude of seeking truth and pragmatism in the face of public health events. We must take science as the foundation, work understanding and public participation as the basis for prevention and control. Strong decision-making is very important. The conclusion is scientific and realistic, pragmatic administration. Many ideas are scientific, but there may be many problems in operation. This is China's basic principle of adhering to the supremacy of the people and the supremacy of life. We have been asking where the virus came from, pangolin and bat. For a long time, there were N virologists all over the world. Finally, it was found that the two viruses were far away from the human infected COVID-19. The closest RNTG13, if the virus is not dormant, is mutated and adapted every day. It takes about 50 years to become the COVID-19 today. So it's always a scientific problem. Looking back, there are 7 kinds of COVID-19 discovered by humans, and 2 more recently. So there are 9 kinds of coronavirus that infect humans strictly. We remember the SARS in 2002. The earliest coronary disease was hcov-229e in 1956; Two years later (1967) was hcov-oc43; In 2004, HCoV-NL63 and hcov-hku1 were returned to Hong Kong from Shenzhen patients. The virus was isolated and sequenced in Hong Kong, so hku1 was defined. In the past, there was no politicization and stigmatization. Viruses were named after geographical names. After tracing the origin, we discovered that HKU1 was discovered in Brazil in 1995, so what has always been said is that medicine is a science issue. Maybe one day we will find that COVID-19 was discovered in some places many years ago. In 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (mers) was named with the word "Middle East", because scientists in the Middle East proposed to fight the epidemic and said that it was not easy to find the virus in the Middle East. Why is it called EMC? The earliest name is EMC, which was named after the school. It appeared in 2012. Recently, porcine delta virus infected humans in Malaysia. Recalling the problem of human traceability, mejm took six or seven years to understand the influenza from bats to people. Wild birds infected poultry with the virus, poultry to pigs, pigs were mixed, and then began to infect people. Occasionally, avian influenza infected people. We know that bats also have influenza viruses. Although bat influenza viruses have not been found to infect people, bats carry influenza like viruses. In retrospect, the epidemic has provided great opportunities for drug research and development, including antibodies, biological macromolecular drugs, small molecule drugs, and more importantly, four types of drugs such as traditional Chinese medicine. Our team cooperated with Junshi and was approved by the European Union and the United States. Antibody drugs will soon enter the clinic. Small molecule drugs shouted louder a while ago, and our country is also doing it. Our team also joined in Chinese medicine and found that 3CL inhibitors are not in Chinese medicine, but are absorbed into plants by the metabolites of the media through the roots, and then form Chinese medicine. This is a new understanding of Chinese medicine. Vaccine China has always been the first phalanx and the first echelon. In retrospect, human beings have eliminated smallpox through vaccine, rinderpest through vaccine and polio through vaccine. Therefore, there is no doubt that vaccine has always been the best weapon to defeat infectious diseases. There are seven routes in the global vaccine layout, including inactivation, attenuated virus, protein, viral vector, DNA, mRNA and viral pharmacy. Our vaccine is RBD Zhifei vaccine. At present, there are 7 vaccines qualified for listing in China, 5 inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccine of kangxinuo and Zhifei recombinant subunit vaccine. Human viruses are also adapting, and there are a lot of mutant strains. However, the vaccine can still provide us with the most basic basic immunity to prevent infection, disease and transmission. It may be discounted after new mutations, but it can prevent death and severe diseases, especially reducing the disease burden, that is, hospitalization and severe diseases are reduced, so the disease burden is reduced. We still call on everyone to "Miao Miao Miao". We should pay attention to the new technology of mRNA vaccine. This technology will bring us a new revolution in life medicine. This is the opportunity provided to us. Whether it is viral infectious diseases or informational infectious diseases, as well as rare diseases, genetic diseases, tumors and autoimmune diseases in the future, it will provide us with unlimited reverie. I have been calling for viruses to be shared if the world does not share vaccines. Academician Zhong just said that no one should stigmatize and politicize the issue of traceability. We should look back and face up to science, especially vaccines. If we don't share vaccines, vaccines will share the world. This is what I have been calling for in several reports. Finally, don't forget that our microbiology pioneer Pasteur called "gentlemen, microbes has the final say." He said this a century ago. In addition to mutation, the virus has expanded its host range. At the same time, so many hosts can be infected with the disease, so we will face many big problems in the future. In addition, because the traceability problem is not understood, there may be the next coronavirus, so we emphasize global alliance, and no one can throw the pot. We must unite for the sake of the earth and mankind. On the issue of tracing the source and the prevention and control of infectious diseases, we not only mean that the virus has no passport and does not need to apply for a visa. More importantly, we hope that people, countries and politicians all over the world will be aware of this issue. Don't talk about sovereignty. The virus won't talk about sovereignty with you. The virus can go wherever it wants, So we must work together. The virus has expanded to more than ten kinds of animals. Finally, I call on everyone to have the concept of "one health" or "all health". We should not only pay attention to human health, but also pay attention to the health of the earth, people, animals and the environment, including medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental science. Let's protect this virus together. Only in this way can mankind have a future. If we can't unite, mankind has no future. We missed some opportunities in the history of immunology. Smallpox is well known. There has been a cure in China for a long time. We took the scab of smallpox, which is the prototype of the "human pox" vaccination method. Finally, immunology was developed and smallpox was eliminated. Now that many cancers can be turned into immunable diseases through immunology, I urge young comrades to be good at summarizing and breaking through theories, hoping to make contributions to China's basic research by contributing to the opportunities provided by COVID-19. Thank you. (Xinhua News Agency)