The recently held Political Bureau meeting of the Communist Party of China Central Committee emphasized the need to lead the development of new quality productive forces with technological innovation and build a modern industrial system. This indicates the key direction for the development of the industrial economy next year, which is to accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone, promote high-quality economic development, and win the initiative in international competition during the critical stage of China's manufacturing from large to strong. The modern industrial system is the material and technological foundation of a modernized country. As an important part of the modern economic system, the modern industrial system is composed of various modern industries including modern agriculture, modern industry, and modern service industry. Its important characteristics are integrity, progressiveness, security, coordination and openness. Its purpose is to ensure the safety and stability of the industrial chain supply chain, improve the ability of independent innovation, establish a high-quality and efficient industrial supply system, and seize the commanding heights of future industrial competition. To build a modern industrial system, it is necessary to clarify its important characteristics. For example, integrity means that the industry categories are complete, the industry chain is complete, the product variety is rich and complete, and the component matching ability is strong. Therefore, filling in the gaps and missing chains is the key; Progressiveness includes not only the advanced industrial system with strong innovation capability, but also the development of the industry in the direction of high-end, intelligent and green. This requires strengthening original innovation and applying new technologies to promote the continuous optimization and upgrading of the industry; Security emphasizes the balance between industrial development and industrial security. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the independent and controllable nature of the industrial system in an open environment. This requires enhancing the basic capabilities of the industry, establishing a normalized risk warning and disposal mechanism for the industrial chain and supply chain, and ensuring industrial security. Technological innovation is the core of building a modern industrial system. The modernization of the industrial system is essentially the modernization of science and technology. Technological innovation can give birth to new industries, new models, and new driving forces, which are the core elements for developing new quality productivity and the fundamental driving force for building a modern industrial system. In history, every technological revolution and industrial transformation has greatly improved production efficiency, spawned new industries and tracks, reshaped production methods, and restructured industrial systems. In the new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation, the innovation capability of key core technologies has become a key variable determining global industrial competition. Technological innovation promotes industrial innovation and leads the construction of a modern industrial system by filling the gaps in technology, elongating the strengths and weaknesses, and forging new opportunities for the future. The construction of a modern industrial system should focus on advanced manufacturing as the main direction. Advanced manufacturing is the main carrier of technological innovation, the main battlefield for the development of the real economy, and the fundamental support of the modern industrial system. China has basically formed a large-scale, comprehensive, and highly competitive manufacturing system, with the overall scale of the manufacturing industry ranking first in the world for 14 consecutive years. Compared to traditional manufacturing, advanced manufacturing continuously absorbs and applies new technologies and achievements to achieve high-quality, efficient, low consumption, and flexible production, with higher added value and technological content. Advanced manufacturing, located at the core of the industrial chain, can drive upstream and downstream progress and provide material and technological foundations for modern agriculture and service industries. Building a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone requires segmented policies. Transform and upgrade traditional industries, make good use of digital and green technologies, promote equipment updates, process upgrades, digital empowerment, and management innovation in key industries; Consolidate and enhance advantageous industries, focus on intelligent connected new energy vehicles, photovoltaics, 5G and other fields, and enhance the competitiveness of the entire industry chain; Develop and strengthen emerging industries, actively develop strategic emerging industries such as new generation information technology, artificial intelligence, and new energy, and create new growth engines such as biomanufacturing, commercial aerospace, and low altitude economy; Forward looking layout of future industries, cultivating new tracks such as humanoid robots, brain computer interfaces, 6G, and atomic level manufacturing. Advanced manufacturing is the key and difficult point in building a modern industrial system. Only by persisting in promoting industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, giving full play to the supporting role of advanced manufacturing, and building a modern industrial system that is independent, controllable, safe, reliable, and competitive, can we consolidate the material foundation of modernization and provide strong momentum for promoting Chinese path to modernization. (New Society)