The world is currently undergoing a great transformation not seen in a century, with multiple crises and challenges intertwined and overlapping, increasing uncertainty and instability factors, and humanity once again reaching a crossroads in history. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In today's world where the future and destiny of all countries are closely linked, different civilizations coexist and exchange and learn from each other, playing an irreplaceable role in promoting the modernization process of human society and the prosperity of the world civilization garden. Colorful is the essence of human civilization, and exchange and learning are important driving forces for the progress of human civilization. History and practice have fully demonstrated that only through equal exchange, mutual learning, and mutual learning among different civilizations can we provide strong spiritual guidance for humanity to solve the problems of the times and create a better future together. The history of human civilization has a long and rich history, and has gone through many vicissitudes. In the chaotic natural world, human civilization is like a dazzling painting, stretching out prominently between heaven and earth. With civilization, humans have developed attitudes towards nature, society, and themselves. These attitudes not only give humanity a sense of identity to settle down, but also provide a driving force for continuous struggle and progress. There have been several waves of civilization rise in the world, giving rise to numerous civilizations that together form the garden of world civilization. Civilization is colorful through communication, and enriched through mutual learning. No civilization exists in isolation, but is always in contact, communication, and interaction with other civilizations. Only by exchanging and learning from other civilizations, complementing each other's strengths and weaknesses, can we maintain sustained vitality. In fact, human history is a magnificent picture of different civilizations exchanging, learning from, and integrating with each other. The architectural art of ancient Greek temples, which has attracted worldwide attention, cannot be separated from the profound enlightenment of ancient civilizations such as the Mesopotamia and Egypt; Starting from the 8th century AD, the "Hundred Years of Translation Movement" gathered ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, and Indian cultures, ushering in the "cultural golden age" of Arab civilization and providing a precious spark for the European Renaissance; The Byzantine civilization inherited the cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, and also innovated in many fields such as literature, architecture, medicine, art, and military, thus continuing for thousands of years and influencing European civilization and Slavic civilization; Modern European civilization integrated ancient Greek, Roman, and medieval civilizations, creating a new industrial civilization through breakthroughs in the fields of economy, society, and technology; Latin American civilization is a civilization that emerged from the collision, exchange, and integration of European civilization, Native American civilization, and African civilization. Based on learning and absorbing foreign cultures, it innovates based on its own reality, condenses unique cultural characteristics, and contributes masterpieces such as Mexican mural art, Latin American development theory, magical realism literary creation, and Bras í lia urban architectural design to humanity; wait. For Chinese civilization, the reason why this great ancient civilization continues to thrive and make significant contributions to the progress of human civilization is closely related to its multi-level and multi domain exchanges and mutual learning with different civilizations outside the region. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "Chinese civilization is an open system formed through continuous exchange and mutual learning with other civilizations, and has stood the test of time through inclusiveness." China was the first to cultivate millet and rice, while barley and wheat cultivated in West Asia were introduced to China, greatly enriching the variety of Chinese cuisine. During the pre Qin period, there were exotic elements on bronze ware, which became a microcosm of the exchange and mutual learning between Chinese and foreign civilizations. During the Han and Tang dynasties, the exchange and mutual learning of material culture between China and foreign countries reached a new height. Zhang Qian cleared the Western Regions and opened up a land route for communication between the East and the West. The overland Silk Road witnessed the prosperity of "envoys facing each other on the road" and "endless business and travel"; During the Tang Dynasty, various items such as silk and tea continued to spread westward, and Western goods were also introduced to China through official and private trade. Chang'an was undoubtedly an international metropolis at that time. From the mid Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Maritime Silk Road witnessed the prosperity of "countless ships crossing the sea", and Chinese porcelain, compasses, printing, and gunpowder spread westward on a larger scale. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Seas and sailed 90000 miles, covering more than 30 countries and regions such as the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa. While bringing Chinese goods to the world, he also brought goods and technology from outside the region back to China, leaving a good story of friendly exchanges between the Chinese people and people of other countries along the way. While complementing each other's strengths and weaknesses in material civilization such as commodities and technology, the interaction and integration of ideological and cultural fields constitute a vivid historical scene of human civilization exchange and mutual learning. The introduction of Buddhism into China is a milestone in the exchange between the two major Asian civilizations of China and India. A large number of Buddhist scriptures have been translated into Chinese, preserving a wealth of important Buddhist treasures in Chinese Buddhism. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and other religions have been introduced to China, where they coexist peacefully with local religions and create a harmonious pattern of diverse religious beliefs. From the 16th to the 18th century, the image of China shaped by Jesuits who came to China became the starting point for Europeans to understand China during this period, laying the foundation for Europeans to outline their own "China" in their minds. The "China fever" that emerged in France in the 18th century evolved into an important intellectual resource for the French Enlightenment movement. Both Chinese and foreign history tells us that the prosperity of civilization and the progress of humanity cannot be achieved without seeking common ground while reserving differences, openness and inclusiveness, and the exchange and mutual learning of civilizations. In today's world of economic globalization and deepening of informatization, the universality of human communication is deeper and wider than ever before. Various civilizations have formed an interdependent relationship of "you in me, I in you", and the connection is unprecedentedly close. It is more necessary than ever to learn from each other, communicate with each other, and learn from each other. The differences between civilizations should not be the root of world conflicts, but rather the driving force for the progress of the entire human civilization. Faced with unprecedented changes, countries around the world should strengthen cultural exchanges and mutual learning, draw on historical wisdom, jointly promote the development of human society, and create a new era of human civilization. Author: Ma Yuan (Executive Vice President of the Chinese Academy of History)