Black soil is a high-quality and scarce arable land resource, known as the 'giant panda in arable land'. It is an important foundation for ensuring China's food security and plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining national food security and stable economic and social development. How is the current progress of black soil protection work in China, and how can comprehensive measures be taken to do a good job in black soil protection? Exploring technological models in China, black soil is mainly distributed in the eastern regions of Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. This area is characterized by concentrated and contiguous black soil, known as the Northeast Black Soil Region. The annual grain production in the black soil area of Northeast China accounts for about one-fifth of the total grain production in the country. It is the main supplier of commodity grains such as corn and japonica rice, and its grain commodity volume and export volume rank first in the country. It is an important commodity grain production base in China. However, due to the high-intensity utilization of the black soil in Northeast China since its cultivation, the soil fertility has been overdrawn for a long time. In addition, the heavy use and light cultivation, soil erosion and other reasons have led to a decrease in organic content, soil fertility, physical and chemical properties and ecological functions of the black soil, resulting in a series of degradation phenomena such as thinning, thinning, hardening, and yellowing. This is related to the unreasonable agricultural cultivation system and production construction activities of extensive management and "heavy planting and light cultivation" for a long time. This agricultural production and management method seriously affects the sustainable use of black soil and hinders the sustainable development of agriculture and regions. In order to strengthen the protection and utilization of black soil, China has implemented the "Northeast Black Soil Protection and Utilization Pilot Project" since 2015, guiding localities to adapt to local conditions, implement comprehensive policies, cultivate fertile farming layers, and improve the quality of arable land. On August 1, 2022, the "Black Soil Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" was officially implemented, which is of great significance for improving the system and mechanism of black soil protection, maintaining the excellent production capacity of black soil, and ensuring national food security. In the process of protecting and utilizing black soil, Chinese scientific and technological workers have gone deep into the production line, combined with regional climate, terrain, soil types, and production characteristics, to explore a number of scalable, replicable, and implementable black soil protection and utilization technology models. These models include: the black soil conservation model for the middle thick layer black soil in the central and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain and the grassland soil area in the Sanjiang Plain, the cultivation model for shallow soil types such as thin layer black soil, native thin layer black soil, and dark brown soil in the erosion area, the protective tillage model for the wind blown and arid area in the western part of the Songnen Plain, the rapid fertilization model for the reduction of barrier soil layers in native barrier soil, the erosion control and fertilization model for sloping farmland, and the carbon and fertilizer retention model for rice straw returning to paddy fields. These models have been widely promoted and applied in the black soil areas of China, significantly improving the soil nutrient storage and supply capacity, and enhancing the comprehensive land production capacity. Despite significant progress in the protection and utilization of black soil, we still face many challenges. There are difficulties in promoting conservation tillage techniques. Although conservation tillage techniques such as no till and reduced tillage have been promoted in some areas, there are still challenges in promoting these techniques in a wider range of regions, including the level of acceptance of new technologies by farmers, the cost and benefit balance of technology implementation, and other issues. The evaluation of soil health status is not comprehensive. Insufficient efforts have been made to evaluate the health status of soil through high-intensity artificial utilization, and the applicability and advantages and disadvantages of different soil health evaluation methods are still unclear. This has led to difficulties in selecting the most suitable evaluation method in practical applications, which affects the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results. Insufficient technological innovation and transformation. Although technological innovation has played an important role in the protection of black soil, there are still shortcomings in basic research, applied basic research, technological innovation, and achievement transformation, which require further strengthening of technological support. There is still room for improvement in the implementation of policies and regulations. Although there are relevant policies and regulations supporting the protection of black soil, there may be issues such as insufficient efforts and lax supervision in actual implementation. The adjustment of agricultural structure still needs to be strengthened. While strengthening grain production, implementing crop rotation is an important means to ensure the sustainable utilization of arable land resources in black soil areas. However, in some areas of the black soil region in Northeast China, continuous cropping of corn is more common. Long term continuous cropping of corn not only consumes nutrients in the soil, but also easily leads to the occurrence and spread of diseases and pests. In addition, continuous planting of soybeans on the same piece of land can lead to an increase in specific soybean pests and diseases in the soil, accelerating the imbalance of soil nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the agricultural structure to meet the needs of black soil protection. To establish a long-term mechanism for the protection and utilization of black soil, comprehensive policies, technologies, and management are needed. Strengthen the construction of policies and regulations. Develop and improve the legal, regulatory, and policy system for the protection of black soil, ensuring that there are laws to rely on. Implement the red line system for black soil protection, clarify the scope and boundaries of protection. Establish a sound mechanism for the protection and supervision of black soil, clarify the responsibilities and authorities of regulatory departments, and gradually realize a protection mechanism led by the government, implemented by agricultural producers and operators, and participated by society. Intensify the punishment for illegal activities to ensure the deterrent effect of laws and regulations. Establish a long-term mechanism for the protection of black soil and continue to carry out work on the protection and utilization of black soil. Intensify technological innovation and promotion. Increase scientific research investment and conduct research on the degradation mechanism, protection technology, and restoration technology of black soil. Promote conservation tillage, crop rotation fallow, straw returning and other conservation technologies. Establish a technology demonstration base to showcase and promote new technologies and methods for protecting black soil. Promote the adjustment of agricultural structure. Optimize planting structure and promote crop rotation planting system. Promote suitable crops and varieties based on the soil nutrients and climate characteristics of different regions in the black soil area of Northeast China. Actively develop ecological agriculture and green agriculture, and reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Establish an ecological compensation mechanism for black soil. Optimize the implementation of existing ecological compensation mechanisms and provide economic compensation to farmers and local governments who protect black soil. At the same time, establish a sound ecological compensation supervision and guarantee system, and continuously improve the implementation effect of ecological compensation. Strengthen capital investment and guarantee. Increase fiscal investment and establish a special fund for the protection of black soil. Encourage and guide social capital to participate in black soil protection projects. Strengthen monitoring and management. Establish a black soil quality monitoring network to regularly monitor and evaluate soil quality. Strengthen the management and supervision of black soil protection projects to ensure effective implementation of policy measures. (New Society)