According to the website of the National Health Commission, various parts of the country have entered the hot summer season. In order to strengthen labor protection for high-temperature work and high-temperature weather work, prevent and avoid occupational heatstroke, and protect the health rights and interests of workers, the Occupational Health Department of the National Health Commission has issued health risk warnings for high-temperature work and high-temperature weather work. The basic concepts of high-temperature work and high-temperature weather work refer to work with high temperatures, strong thermal radiation, or abnormal working conditions combined with high humidity (relative humidity ≥ 80%), and wet bulb black bulb temperature index (WBGT index) exceeding the specified limit, such as metal smelting, metal casting, textile printing and dyeing, glass manufacturing, etc. High temperature weather refers to weather conditions with a daily maximum temperature of 35 ℃ or above, announced to the public by meteorological stations affiliated with meteorological authorities at or above the prefecture level. High temperature weather operations refer to the work arranged by employers for workers to carry out in high-temperature natural meteorological environments during high temperature weather periods, such as field investigations, outdoor loading and unloading, construction, environmental sanitation operations, and line patrols. Heat stroke and symptoms: Symptoms of heat stroke include dizziness, headache, fatigue, thirst, excessive sweating, palpitations, lack of concentration, and uncoordinated movements after working in a high-temperature environment for a certain period of time. The body temperature is normal or slightly elevated but below 38 ℃, and may be accompanied by flushing, burning skin, etc. The symptoms can disappear after a short rest. Heat stroke: An acute systemic disease characterized by elevated body temperature and/or central nervous system dysfunction and/or cardiovascular dysfunction, caused by disturbances in heat balance and/or water electrolyte metabolism, as well as a decrease in effective circulating blood volume. In severe cases, it can lead to death. According to the Diagnosis of Occupational Heat Stroke (GBZ41-2019), occupational heat stroke includes three types: heat spasm, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. ——Heat spasms: Short and intermittent muscle spasms that occur when engaging in physical labor or activities in a high-temperature environment and sweating profusely, accompanied by contraction pain, are commonly seen in the muscles of the limbs, chewing muscles, and abdominal muscles, especially the gastrocnemius muscle, which is symmetrical; The body temperature is generally normal. ——Heat exhaustion: A group of clinical syndromes characterized by insufficient blood volume during physical labor or activity in a high-temperature environment, such as excessive sweating, damp and cold skin, pale complexion, nausea, dizziness, significant increase in heart rate, hypotension, oliguria, and constant increase in body temperature but not exceeding 40 ℃. It may be accompanied by dizziness and fainting, and some patients may only experience an early increase in body temperature. Laboratory tests showed elevated hematocrit, hypernatremia, and azotemia. ——Heat stroke (including sunstroke): Engaging in physical labor or activities in a high-temperature environment, with clinical manifestations mainly characterized by significant increase in body temperature and consciousness disorders, characterized by dry and hot skin, no sweating, body temperature reaching 40 ℃ or above, and symptoms such as delirium and coma; May be accompanied by generalized epileptic seizures, rhabdomyolysis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Preventive measures for heatstroke: Employers should actively improve working conditions. Priority should be given to using new technologies, processes, materials, and equipment that are conducive to controlling high temperatures, in order to reduce or eliminate high-temperature hazards from the source. Set up rest areas in high-temperature working environments, which should have seats, maintain good ventilation, or be equipped with heatstroke prevention and cooling facilities such as air conditioning. Isolate workers from heat sources. Indoor workplaces can be equipped with insulation devices to block the heat generated by the heat source from coming into contact with workers, while outdoor areas can be equipped with devices such as simple roofs to block sunlight and the reflected light from surrounding walls and floors. ——Carry out occupational health monitoring. Organize workers engaged in high-temperature work to undergo occupational health examinations, store the examination results in occupational health monitoring files, and inform workers in writing. Before the arrival of the hot season, workers working in hot weather should undergo health checks. Workers who suffer from occupational contraindications for high temperatures should be promptly transferred from their high-temperature work positions. Occupational contraindications of hyperthermia: uncontrolled hypertension, chronic nephritis, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, scar area of the whole body ≥ 20% (Grade 8 of the standard for industrial injury), epilepsy. ——Carry out occupational health training. Popularize occupational health knowledge such as high-temperature protection, heatstroke self rescue, and first aid, and improve the self rescue and mutual rescue capabilities of workers. ——Reasonably arrange outdoor work hours. During hot weather, adjust the operating time reasonably based on the forecast temperature issued by the meteorological station under the meteorological department at or above the prefecture level. ——Protect special populations. Pregnant female workers and underage workers shall not be arranged to engage in high-temperature work at or above the third level specified in the Classification of Occupational Disease Hazards in the Workplace Part 3: High Temperature (GBZ/T229.3). Pregnant female workers and underage workers are not allowed to engage in outdoor work or work in workplaces with temperatures above 33 ℃ during periods of high temperatures above 35 ℃. ——Provide personal protective equipment and heatstroke prevention drinks and medicines. Provide workers with personal protective equipment that meets the requirements, avoid direct sunlight on the head, and supervise and guide workers to use it correctly. Try to choose light colored, breathable, and loose material work clothes made of cotton and linen to accelerate heat dissipation. Provide sufficient heatstroke prevention and cooling beverages and necessary medicines that meet hygiene standards for workers engaged in high-temperature work and high-temperature weather operations. It is not allowed to replace providing heatstroke prevention and cooling drinks with distributing money and goods. Heatstroke prevention and cooling beverages include sugar salt water, salt tea, electrolyte containing cool drinks, mung bean soup, etc; Heatstroke prevention drugs include Ren Dan, Shi Di Shui, Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Shui, Qingliang Oil, physiological saline, etc; Cooling supplies include cold water and ice cubes, chemical ice packs, cold water towels, etc. ——Carry out emergency rescue and drills. Develop an emergency plan for heatstroke caused by high temperatures and conduct regular emergency rescue drills. According to the number of workers engaged in high-temperature operations and high-temperature weather operations, as well as the working conditions, equip emergency rescue personnel and sufficient first aid drugs. Preventive measures for workers: - Supplementing with water and electrolytes. Drink small amounts of water multiple times to maintain body hydration. People working in high-temperature environments should supplement drinks containing salt or electrolytes appropriately. ——Pay attention to temperature changes and make timely adjustments. Pay attention to temperature changes, understand precautions and work time requirements for hot weather. When it is too hot, you can use a wet towel to wipe the skin and let the water evaporate to help dissipate heat. Avoid blowing the air conditioner directly after sweating profusely. You should first wipe off sweat or replace clothes soaked in sweat before entering the air-conditioned room to rest. ——Eat reasonably and supplement nutrition. Focus on a light and easily digestible diet, and consume fresh vegetables and fruits with higher water content. ——Regularly live and ensure adequate rest. Regular and sufficient sleep relaxes the brain and body, which is beneficial for preventing health risks such as occupational heatstroke. Do not lie under the air conditioning vents and electric fans during sleep. Principle of handling heatstroke precursor: Immediately leave the high-temperature environment, rest in a ventilated and cool place, and lie flat. Supplementing with refreshing drinks containing salt or electrolytes and treating them accordingly, closely observing. Heat spasms: correct water and electrolyte imbalances and provide symptomatic treatment. Heat exhaustion: Physical cooling and/or medication cooling should be given, body temperature should be monitored, water electrolyte imbalance should be corrected, blood volume should be expanded, and shock should be prevented. Heat stroke (including sunstroke): rapidly reducing body temperature, continuously monitoring body temperature, protecting important organ functions, providing respiratory and circulatory support, improving microcirculation, correcting coagulation dysfunction, and early blood purification treatment for patients with liver and kidney failure and rhabdomyolysis. (Lai Xin She)