From small-scale extensive simple parallelism to large-scale refined adaptive parallelism - Introduction to Parallel Operations in the Intelligent Era Parallel operations, as a basic way to improve work efficiency, are often consciously or unconsciously applied to all aspects of social production and life. In the military field, parallel operations such as simultaneous deployment of multiple combat operations and simultaneous strikes against multiple targets have been an important winning concept since ancient times. In the era of intelligence, the combat space has expanded, the combat methods have become more diverse, the division of labor has become more detailed, and the command and control capabilities have greatly improved. This has created conditions for organizations to implement large-scale and complex parallel operations. Parallel operations will radiate new vitality and unleash greater power in intelligent warfare. The improvement and upgrading of parallel operations support the continuous development and evolution of joint operations in the military field, and parallel operations are an effective means to improve operational efficiency. For example, dividing the combat process into two major stages: combat preparation and combat implementation, superiors issue advance orders to move the troops into a state of readiness. This simple parallel processing can improve the overall response speed of the troops. With the evolution of combat forms, especially in the era of joint operations, parallel operations have become increasingly complex and upgraded, promoting the continuous development and improvement of the level of joint operations. The level of parallel operations extends from the strategic level to the operational level. In World War II, Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, and the three German army groups, North, Central, and South, launched synchronized attacks from Leningrad, Moscow, and Kiev, which was a typical strategic level parallel operation. In the Iraq War, the US military carried out a series of campaign level parallel operations, including super horizon landing, deep vertical airborne and armed parachute landing, ground advance over point assault, and special operations targeted clearance, which greatly accelerated the war process. The granularity of parallel operations has evolved from generalization to refinement. During World War II, in the Pacific island capture operation, the US military divided the target islands into hundreds of areas and numbered them one by one to coordinate naval and aviation firepower. Naval guns and aircraft carried out extensive parallel firepower assaults according to pre assigned numbered areas. In the Vietnam War, the US Air Force and Navy aviation jointly carried out bombing. In order to facilitate airspace management and command and control, the two branches still bombed targets in their respective responsible areas through zoning. In the Gulf War, the US military established a unified air combat center for the first time, coordinating the use of aviation forces from various branches of the military, changing the parallel combat mode of "division and responsibility", and greatly improving the level of refinement. Parallel operations have shifted from striking military targets to simultaneously striking military and civilian targets. The "Five Rings Target Theory" of the US military divides targets into command and control, production facilities, infrastructure, public psychology, and field forces. It changes the traditional progressive attack method from the outside to the inside, from far to near, and emphasizes the use of multiple means to simultaneously strike the opponent's full depth and internal targets, thereby accelerating the combat process. The US military's theories of strategic paralysis and rapid and decisive operations all regard parallel strikes against enemy military and civilian strategic objectives as important ways to win. The implementation of parallel combat organizations has evolved from simplicity to complexity. Parallel operations not only create multiple dilemmas for opponents, but also bring complex challenges to oneself. For example, in smaller spatiotemporal ranges