Recently, the Education Department of Hunan Province issued a notice requiring all cities and prefectures to scientifically develop and optimize the layout of primary and secondary schools and kindergartens from 2024 to 2035 based on the regional birth rate, changes in school-age population, and urbanization trends in the next 5 to 10 years, combined with local economic and social development plans, land spatial planning, and population agglomeration. At a press conference recently held by the Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, it also emphasized "responding to the trend of changes in the school-age population", "adjusting and optimizing the layout structure of basic education according to local conditions", and "establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the supply of degrees in urban and rural primary and secondary schools and kindergartens that adapts to the development of new urbanization and the changing needs of the school-age population". Not only the above two places. Since the beginning of this year, many regions have proposed to actively respond to the new changes in the school-age population, and scientifically plan the adjustment of school layout based on local realities. The first meeting of the 20th Central Committee of Finance and Economics pointed out that the current population development in China is showing a trend of fewer children, aging, and regional population growth and decline differentiation. It is necessary to comprehensively understand and correctly view the new situation of population development in China. What are the requirements put forward by the new situation of population development for the current and future education planning layout and resource adjustment and allocation? How can we scientifically respond to this change, seize the time window, make forward-looking layouts, and make timely adjustments? How can we promote the high-quality development of education and accelerate the transition from population dividend to talent dividend in the face of population changes? On September 1st, students played ball on the playground at Sanhe Primary School in Sanhe Town, Shizhu County, Chongqing. Under the trend of fewer children and aging population, the demand for education has decreased and increased. In areas with surplus kindergarten degrees, it is necessary to effectively and reasonably guide the merger and withdrawal of kindergartens with poor quality and fewer children. Recently, many policies on adjusting and optimizing the layout of primary and secondary school kindergartens released by the Hunan Provincial Department of Education have been interpreted. The issue of education planning layout and resource allocation under changes in population growth and decline has once again sparked heated discussions. Since 2017, the number of births in China has continued to decline. In 2022, the total number of births in China was 9.56 million, a decrease of 1.8 million compared to the previous year and the lowest since the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to Qiao Jie, an academician of the CAE Member and director of the medical department of Peking University, the number of newborns in China has declined by about 40% in the past five years. The consensus in the academic community is that the number of newborns in China will remain low for a long time. Due to the positive correlation between newborns and the source of students, this also means that a significant decrease in the total number of eligible students and the size of students will be the trend. In July of this year, the Ministry of Education released the "2022 National Education Development Statistics Bulletin", which showed that there were a total of 289200 kindergartens in China, a decrease of 5610 from the previous year, a decrease of 1.90%. The number of preschool children in kindergartens is 46.2755 million, a decrease of 1.7766 million or 3.70% compared to the previous year. On one hand, preschool education is facing a surge in student demand, while on the other hand, compulsory education is experiencing a peak in demand for degrees. This year, the first batch of "second children" have entered school one after another, and the initial population peak has been pushed forward according to the age of the school stage, transforming into a wave of school-age children. Cao Haowen, Assistant Researcher at Beijing Institute of Educational Sciences