Recently, many parts of the country have experienced cold wave weather, with temperatures plummeting and respiratory diseases entering a period of high incidence in winter. What pathogens are spreading? How to prevent and control the key population of "one elderly and one young"? What are the precautions for vaccination? How to optimize outpatient services? The National Health Commission held a press conference on the 26th to respond to the hot topic of winter respiratory diseases. Mi Feng, a spokesman of the National Health Commission, said that in the near future, influenza is the main respiratory infectious diseases in China, in addition to rhinovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Analysis suggests that the recent continuous increase in acute respiratory diseases in China is related to the superposition of multiple respiratory pathogens. Wang Huaqing, chief expert of the immunization program of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said that the results of multi source surveillance showed that the main pathogens of recent respiratory infectious diseases were different among different age groups. Influenza virus and rhinovirus are the main types of people aged 1 to 4, influenza virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus are the main types of people aged 5 to 14, influenza virus, rhinovirus and COVID-19 are the main types of people aged 15 to 59, and influenza virus, human metapneumovirus and common coronavirus are the main types of people aged 60 and over. Mi Feng introduced that the National Health Commission, in conjunction with the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, is continuously conducting respiratory disease monitoring and situation analysis. Require all regions to scientifically coordinate medical resources and implement a hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system; Timely disclose and update information on medical institutions such as pediatrics and fever clinics to the society; Carry out epidemic prevention and control in key densely populated areas such as schools, daycare institutions, and nursing homes. Mi Feng reminds that large hospitals have dense personnel, long waiting times, and a higher risk of cross infection. If there are children at home with mild symptoms, it is recommended to first seek medical treatment at grassroots medical and health institutions or pediatric departments of comprehensive hospitals. The public should adhere to the hygiene habits of wearing masks, ventilation, and washing hands frequently, and take protective measures when respiratory symptoms occur. Key efforts should be made to prevent and control the elderly population, who are susceptible to respiratory diseases. Li Yanming, Director of the Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department at Beijing Hospital, introduced that a comprehensive assessment should be made based on the age, underlying disease conditions, and severity of infection of the elderly, in order to decide whether to take care at home or seek medical treatment at the hospital. Family members should understand the basic conditions of the elderly at home, such as body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse, and closely observe symptoms. If high fever persists, breathing difficulties, and mental fatigue occur, timely medical attention should be sought. For influenza, early use of antiviral drugs is more effective. Recently, some children still have severe coughing after fever subsides. How can it be relieved? Regarding this, Zhang Zhongde, the director of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, stated that when children cough, it is important to distinguish whether it is caused by wind heat or wind cold. Wind heat cough, accompanied by sore throat, yellow phlegm, yellow nasal mucus and other symptoms, can use traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations or western medicine to clear heat, detoxify and dissipate phlegm; Wind cold cough, such as irritating dry cough, accompanied by clear mucus, can be treated with traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations that dispels cold, relieves exterior and replenishes lung qi. At the same time, there is a large temperature difference between indoor and outdoor during winter, as well as between morning and evening. It is necessary to change and supplement clothes in a timely manner. "Nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of the immune system," said Yu Kang, director of the Clinical Nutrition Department at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The entire population should ensure adequate intake of high-quality protein, fresh vegetables, and fruits, and strive to have a variety of foods