On the 12th, 21 studies were simultaneously published in the journals of Science, Progress in Science, and Translational Medicine, revealing and providing detailed explanations of the most comprehensive human brain cell atlas to date. These studies have analyzed the characteristics of over 3000 types of human brain cells and elucidated the differences between certain human brain cells and other primates. Compared to previous published papers, new research and data reveal the cellular composition of the nervous system in many regions of the human brain and the uniqueness of the human brain. The team involved in three of these studies jointly created the first draft of the human brain cell atlas, including potential gene expression and regulatory architecture, showcasing the differences in brain cells between different individuals, providing a benchmark reference for cell typing in health and disease, and further exploring how changes in cell types are influenced by brain regions. Understanding which features of brain cell tissue are unique to humans rather than non human primates is a key goal of this project. One of the studies used comparative mononuclear transcription methods from adult humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus monkeys, and ordinary rhesus monkeys to explore this. Research has shown that although chimpanzees and humans share a closer common ancestor, chimpanzee neurons are more like gorilla neurons than human neurons. Other studies have explored how the complex cell arrangement in the human brain is established in the early stages after birth, revealing the cellular state in the human brain during the first three months of pregnancy. In eight papers in the journal "Progress in Science", researchers explored how fast firing intermediate neurons in the human brain maintain synchronous frequencies. A study in Science Translational Medicine focuses on early life inflammation, which is a risk factor for several neurological diseases. Analysis shows that inflammation is mainly related to changes in two types of inhibitory neurons, namely Purkinje neurons and Golgi apparatus neurons. The entire research work is part of the Brain Cell Census Network Project (BICCN) of the National Institutes of Health's BRAIN Initiative, which was launched in 2017. The paper published this time is the result of a series of collaborative research conducted by hundreds of scientists using state-of-the-art molecular biology technologies. Joseph Ike, director of the Salk Genome Analysis Laboratory in the United States and a researcher at the Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, said that this marks the beginning of a "new era in brain science". Liu Shiping, Chief Scientist and Researcher of Brain Science at Shenzhen Huada Institute of Life Sciences, introduced to the reporter of Science and Technology Daily that this study provides valuable information for people to understand the structure and function of the human brain, which will contribute to further research and clinical applications. It represents a significant breakthrough in the scientific community in unlocking the mysteries of the brain, opening up new directions for future neuroscience research. Reporter: Zhang Jiaxin (Xinhua News Agency)