The basic questions in brain science are which cells make up the brain and what are the spatial distribution patterns of these cells. On July 12, Chinese scientists published a research paper entitled "Single cell spatial Transcriptome reveals the composition and distribution of cell types in macaque cerebral cortex" online in the international journal Cell, and published the spatial distribution map of single cells in macaque cerebral cortex, providing a molecular cellular basis for further research on the connection between various neurons. This research achievement was completed by the 106 person scientific research team of the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology (Institute of Neuroscience) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huada Life Sciences Research Institute, Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai Brain Science and Brain like Research Center, Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen National Gene pool, Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Karolinska Medical College and other units. "Understanding the structure and working principle of the human brain is one of the most challenging frontier issues in natural science, and the mapping of the whole Cranial nerves neural connection map of non-human primates is crucial to understanding the structure and function of the human brain." Li Chao, co first author of the paper and director of the whole brain mesoscopic neural connection map research (single cell typing) platform of the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, The advanced functions of the human brain stem from its large number and complex types of neural cells and their complex neural connection networks. High precision whole brain mesoscopic neural connection mapping is a necessary path to comprehensively elucidate the functions of the nervous system and reveal the mysteries of the brain. In this study, the ultra-high precision large field of view spatial Transcriptome sequencing technology Stereo seq, independently developed in China, was used to collect 161 pieces of 10 μ m thick spatial Transcriptome data from the left hemisphere of three macaques. At the same time, the high-throughput single cell Transcriptome sequencing technology DNBelab C4 snRNA seq was used to successfully draw the cell type classification tree of macaque cerebral cortex. The macaque is the closest model animal to human advanced cognition and social behavior, with its brain containing over 6 billion neurons. Based on their molecular, morphological or physiological characteristics and spatial distribution patterns, it can be divided into hundreds of cell types, distributed in hundreds of different brain regions. Revealing the cellular composition and spatial distribution patterns in the cerebral cortex of macaques is crucial for elucidating the organizational patterns of primate brains. The team found that the distribution of a large number of excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, and non neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex exhibits significant specificity at various levels and brain regions. More interestingly, there is a significant correlation between the cell type composition of the visual and somatic Sensory nervous system and the hierarchical organization of brain regions. Brain regions at the same level often have similar cell type composition, revealing the relationship between the cell type composition and the hierarchical structure of primate brain regions. In addition, the team conducted cross species comparisons with publicly available single cell data from both human and mouse brains and found that primate specific excitatory neurons are distributed in the fourth layer, and these cells highly express genes related to human diseases, including FOXP2, DCC, and EPHA3. Co corresponding author of the paper, outstanding in brain science and intelligent technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences