The No. 1 central document of the Central Committee of the CPC in 2023 proposed to build an agricultural power with strong supply guarantee, strong scientific and technological equipment, strong business system, strong industrial resilience and strong competitiveness based on national conditions and agricultural conditions, reflecting Chinese characteristics. To build a powerful agricultural country, we should not only follow the general law of agricultural modernization, but also take full account of China's resource endowment of more people and less land, the historical background of agricultural civilization, and the requirements of the era of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and walk out a path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics. In 2022, China's grain production will achieve "19 consecutive high", with grain output stable at more than 1.3 trillion jin for 8 consecutive years, and the per capita disposable income of farmers will exceed 20000 yuan. However, compared with the world's agricultural power, there are still many deep-seated contradictions and challenges in China's agricultural development. From the perspective of development conditions, China needs to face the realistic basis of more people, less land and ultra-small-scale operation for a long time. Under the constraints of resources with more people and less land, "large and small farmers" is the basic national agricultural situation. From the perspective of development stage, China's agricultural modernization and industrialization, urbanization and informatization are developing simultaneously. The development characteristics of "four modernizations" determine that China is facing the risks and challenges of agricultural shrinkage and rural decline. From the perspective of development mode, the extensive management mode of China's agriculture, which mainly depends on resource consumption, has not changed fundamentally. The excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused serious damage to water and soil resources and ecological environment. To solve the above contradictions and challenges, China needs to transform from an agricultural power to an agricultural power. To build an agricultural power, we should not only learn from the common characteristics and development experience of the world's agricultural powers, but also reflect the Chinese characteristics of Chinese path to modernization. Building an agricultural power should be based on the resource endowment of more people and less land, which is an optional historical starting point. Countries with rich per capita arable land resources but scarce labor force have embarked on the path of agricultural power mainly by developing agricultural mechanization under the condition of large-scale land concentration, such as the United States model; Countries with scarce arable land resources per capita but abundant labor force have embarked on the path of agricultural power through the development of agricultural socialized services adapted to small-scale operation and high government subsidies, such as the Japanese model. However, under the condition of limited per capita cultivated land and government finance, it is impossible for China to follow the path of agricultural power of the United States or Japan. Therefore, in the process of building a powerful agricultural country, China should coordinate the relationship between land scale management and service scale management. On the one hand, we should guide the orderly circulation of land management rights, and develop the appropriate scale operation of agriculture. On the basis of maintaining a stable land contract relationship, we should encourage the transfer of land management rights to large professional households, family farms, and farmers' cooperatives, solve the problem of land fragmentation, and improve the scale of agricultural management. On the other hand, improve the agricultural socialized service system and realize the scale of land management and service