As a new production factor and resource form, data has increasingly become the basis for driving economic and social development. Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Opinions on Building a Data Base System to Give Better Play to the Role of Data Elements (hereinafter referred to as the "Twenty Data Elements"), which put forward comprehensive and systematic opinions on how to establish and improve the basic system of data elements, providing clear policy guidance for the allocation of data rights and interests and risk prevention and control, It has also made a strong institutional arrangement for activating the potential of data and promoting the development of the digital economy. Data is a symbol that maps the world. There is a world in data. The universe stars, mountains and rivers, birds, animals, insects and fish, human behavior, national governance, and social conditions... All things produce data, and all things can be digitized. Since the emergence of human society, data has been carrying the human record and expression of all things in nature, production and life. From traditional data to network data, from "small data" to "big data", data has increasingly become the most microscopic and wonderful element to understand everything. In the new stage of information technology development, data explosion growth, massive aggregation, and the accumulation of quantity gradually lead to a qualitative leap. In the cyberspace of interconnection of everything, human-computer interaction and integration of heaven and earth, big data technology enables a large number of unstructured data such as images, sounds and files with scattered sources to be widely collected, stored and used, making it possible to analyze, predict and capture the deep logic hidden in the natural world and human society, and greatly improving the sensitivity and insight of human cognition. The construction of the data infrastructure system has a bearing on the overall situation of national development and security. Data was originally a common thing that accompanied nature and human beings, but digital technology has endowed it with endless potential. As a new type of production factor, data has become a digital, networked and intelligent basic resource, and is rapidly integrated into production, distribution, circulation, consumption and social service management. Through the data, we can better understand the operation laws of nature and society, promote the development of productive forces, optimize production relations, enrich human life, and promote national and social governance. But data is not something in itself, but the result of human cooperation and interaction. Data not only carries a large amount of information about individuals, market subjects and the country, but also relates to individual personality rights and interests of citizens, property rights and interests of market subjects, national security and social public interests; It also presents new characteristics different from traditional intellectual property rights. How to not only encourage the full circulation and utilization of data, but also conduct scientific and reasonable rights and interests allocation and risk prevention and control through institutional design has become a major issue of institutional innovation in the information age. The allocation of data related rights and interests is the basis of the data based system. As the second largest data country in the world, China deeply recognizes the strategic significance of big data as a new driving force to promote economic transformation and development, a new opportunity to reshape national competitive advantage, and a new way to improve government governance. The Data Security Law promulgated and implemented in 2021 clearly proposes to "ensure data security and promote data development and utilization". However, in addition to the supply and demand sides, data circulation also involves third-party service providers that assist in data product development, with complex situations, long chains and outstanding risks. In order to promote legal and compliant data transactions, China has been exploring