The appearance of jaw, the upper jaw and chin, is one of the most critical leaps in the evolutionary history of vertebrates from fish to man, and also the "starting point" for the formation of many important organs and body configurations of human beings. However, due to the lack of fossils, the origin and evolution of the jawed have been a mystery - they seem to appear suddenly, and Alfred Rommel, a giant of paleovertebratology, once called them "a major and stubborn blank in the history of paleontology". Now, this gap is expected to be filled by Chinese scientists. On September 28, the international academic journal Nature published four academic papers of the team, which focused on the five ancient fish discovered by Academician Zhu Min of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the early Silurian strata of Chongqing and Guizhou (about 440 million years ago). These discoveries filled the gap in the global fossil record of early Silurian jaw fossils, and for the first time provided accurate evidence for the rise of jaw and the earliest radiation differentiation, making it possible to answer a series of important scientific questions at the initial stage of "from fish to man". More importantly, Zhu Min said, "We have found abundant ancient fish fossil pools in Chongqing and Guizhou, which can be called 'Chongqing Special Buried Fossil Pool' and 'Guizhou Shiqian Fossil Pool', adding another world-class special buried fossil pool to our country. We can expect that we will uncover more ancient mysteries here, and discuss the evolution and life change of the earth." Silurian Lando Pleistocene Ecological Restoration Map of Chongqing Biota (painted by Zheng Qiuyang) The mystery of the origin and rise of jaw is hidden in five ancient fish. Zhu Min introduced that these five ancient fish are respectively the double row Qianodon fish and the new plastic Fanjing Mountain fish found in Shiqian, Guizhou, and the flexible Tujia fish, the creeping Shen's ratchet and the miraculous Xiushan fish found in Chongqing. The research team carried out a detailed study on these fish fossils using new technologies and methods, and found the rudiments of the teeth, head, body and even fins of the earliest jawed species, which is the body structure and anatomical information of the earliest jawed species that was completely unknown in the past. These findings have made new progress in the exploration of important scientific issues, such as the earliest differentiation of maxilla, the evolution of important organs and body configurations, and refreshed traditional cognition. The importance of the fish lies in its teeth. Zhu Min said: "Its rotation represents the oldest jaw teeth, pushing forward the earliest fossil evidence of teeth by 14 million years." The importance of the newly molded Fanjing Mountain fish lies in its thorns. "This discovery shows that as early as the early Silurian, primitive cartilaginous fishes had evolved a typical form of palisade ratchet, and had the histological characteristics of teleost fishes." Zhu Min said, "These developments have settled the long-standing dispute over the classification position of Ordovician and Silurian fish scales and spines fossils." The discovery of the armored fish, Lingdong Tujia, is a jawless fish. It provides key fossil evidence for when vertebrates evolved paired appendages. Both Shen's Oxytropis and Miracle Xiushan's Oxytropis are jawed fish, and the wormlike Shen's Oxytropis is the earliest well preserved cartilaginous fish known so far, which confirms that sharks evolved from the ancestors of "wearing armor"; The Miracle Xiushan Fish combines the characteristics of several large groups of scutellaria, providing precious data for exploring the origin of the main groups at the root of the jawed life tree and the evolution of vertebrate skulls