Snowflakes fall and spring is cold. The ancient Confucian temple in Taiyuan has ushered in a wave of "archaeological fever". The "archaeological temperature - the exhibition of archaeological achievements in the 13th five year plan" carried out by Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute (Shanxi Archaeological Museum) here provides people with a rich "cultural feast". From the site of Xihoudu 2.4 million years ago to the historical context of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, from sericulture and silk reeling, grain brewing to painted pottery artifacts, copper mining and smelting, 387 unearthed cultural relics on display describe the development of human civilization. It is understood that from 2016 to 2020, Shanxi has promoted 228 field excavations, with an exposed area of 210000 square meters. Over the past five years, archaeologists have completed the restoration of more than 3000 bronzes, tooth bones and horns, jade and ceramics. At the beginning of the new year, more than 20 project teams of Shanxi Institute of archaeology rushed to the fields, from the edge of Fenhe bay to the Bank of Sanggan River, from Luliang gully to the depths of Taihang Extending the historical axis In 2020, on the 60th anniversary of the discovery of Xihoudu site, the latest dating data and relevant research results of Xihoudu site in Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province were published in the 11th Journal of the French Journal of anthropology. It was determined that the isotopic age of the site was about 2.43 million years ago, which was more than 600000 years earlier than before. "According to the scientific method of sampling, from July to September 2009, drilling alone reached a depth of 70 meters." Wang Yiren, a researcher at Shanxi Academy of archaeology, said that after receiving the news of the publication of the paper, he wrote such a paragraph in his diary: on the second day of the last month of 2020, the long overdue news came in an anxious wait, and a heavy stone fell to the ground! This is the best reward and commemoration for the 60th anniversary of the discovery of Xihoudu site. Since the discovery of a section of axilujiaohua stone more than 1 million years ago in Xihoudu in 1959, the ancient Chinese people have been bent over this land and pursued it, advancing the history of ancient Chinese people using fire to 1.8 million years ago. For a long time, due to the lack of human fossils and archaeological data from 100000 to 50000 years ago, China was once considered to have spread from Africa. The dating data of liwangjian site in Datong show that modern people have lived in Datong Basin from 100000 to 70000 years ago. They use stone tools to hunt animals such as horses and cattle as meat, which supports the theory of "incidental hybridization of modern human continuous evolution in East Asia". The stone products measured this time also make the stone tools at Xihoudu site the earliest ancient human relics seen in Eurasia and supported by isotopic dating evidence, which proves that before Homo erectus came out of Africa, there was an early human who mastered the use of gravel to make stone tools in Eurasia, which greatly extended the time axis of human origin in East Asia, It is of great significance to break through the Western led theory of "going out of Africa" and further enrich the source value of the Yellow River civilization. Enhanced historical reliability On the exhibition shelf, a stone carving shaped like a jujube core and stained with light brown spots is prominently listed. This is the stone silkworm chrysalis 6000 years ago excavated by archaeologists during field archaeology at Shicun site in Xia County in 2020. From 2019 to 2020, the Institute of Archaeology of Jilin University, Shanxi Institute of archaeology, Yuncheng cultural relics workstation and other units jointly investigated and excavated the Shicun site in Xia County and achieved important achievements, including four stone silkworm pupae in the early Yangshao period 6000 years ago, which is the earliest stone silkworm pupae found in China, which can be said to be an important symbol of Chinese civilization. Duan Tianjing, a professor at Jilin University, said that from these findings, it is possible that Xiaxian County, located in Yuncheng Basin, has had artificial sericulture and silk reeling around 6000 years ago. In addition, it was carved from the granite on Zhongtiao Mountain. It can carve the granite so delicately and clearly, which shows that the ancestors loved and attached great importance to silkworm at that time. Xia County, located in the south of Shanxi, is one of the important birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture. It is said that Lei Zu, the imperial concubine of the Yellow Emperor, taught people to raise silkworms in Xia County. In 1926, Li Ji, the father of Chinese archaeology, and Yuan Fuli, the pioneer of archaeology, came to the Xiyin site in Xia County, presided over the first archaeological excavation independently carried out by the Chinese people, and unearthed half a cocoon cut manually. The cocoon dates back about 6000 years and has become a witness to the ancient Chinese silk culture. This is also the first scientific archaeological excavation in the modern sense independently presided over by the Chinese people, which opened a new era of Chinese Archaeology and became "a landmark in the history of modern Chinese Archaeology". "It is not only an important clue to the early sericulture in Yangshao and the origin of silk, but also provides a reliable space for the excavation of Xiyin cocoon." Tian Jianwen, a researcher at Shanxi Provincial Academy of archaeology, commented on the discovery of stone silkworm chrysalis. Archaeologists also found a large number of carbonized millet, millet seeds, stone axes, pottery knives and other agricultural tools in Taoyuan, lishigang, Linfen, indicating that Shanxi has formed a mature agricultural form dominated by millet around 5500 years ago. At the same time, the discovery of copper mining, smelting and copper casting sites such as Wenxi Qianjin rake and xiwubi in Jiang county has also become direct evidence for the control and utilization of copper resources in the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. Enriching the historical connotation For a long time, there has been a saying in the academic circles that "there is no late business in southern Shanxi". In June 2017, archaeologists from Shanxi Institute of Archaeology and Yuncheng City carried out a rescue excavation of the M1 Tomb of jiuwutou in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province, and found a surprise. This "a" shaped tomb has a large scale, special shape and high specification. There are martyrs in the waist pit, and there is a car and horse pit for burial on one side of the tomb. A large number of bronze objects with inscriptions of "hide" have also been unearthed. The high level of the tomb and the status of the tomb owner made the archaeologists on the scene very excited. By judging the shape of the tomb and the patterns and shapes of the unearthed bronzes, archaeologists finally determined that the tomb is a relic of the late Shang Dynasty, and the owner of the tomb may be the leader of Fang state, second only to the king of Shang. The territory of the Shang Dynasty consists of Wangji and Fangguo. Wangji is the inhabited area of the dependencies and affiliated nations of the Shang king, while Fangguo is a political stronghold distributed around the periphery of Wangji. The discovery of the cemetery filled the gap of the remains of the late Shang Dynasty in southern Shanxi and confirmed the location of a new "hidden" Nationality in the Yin Shang country. The remains were also selected as the "top ten new archaeological discoveries in China in 2018". It is worth mentioning that, with the efforts of the public security organs, 29 cultural relics (including 13 national first-class cultural relics) of this large tomb that survived the storm of tomb theft were returned, providing more physical evidence for this noble tomb in the late Shang Dynasty. From the bridgehead of the Western soil of the Shang Dynasty to the fertile soil of Jinba Central Plains, the North cemetery of Xiangfen Taosi, located in the southeast of Linfen basin, is the family burial area of the nobility of the Jin State in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The unearthed copper drum seats and perforated copper beans represent the highest level of bronze casting technology in the Zhou Dynasty. "Wild people outside Yanmen pass don't raise silkworms or grow hemp." Shuozhou, Shanxi Province, which controlled the Yanmen pass in the south, was a strategic fortress for the Han Dynasty to resist the Huns going south. From October 2019 to December 2020, archaeologists rescued and excavated more than 400 tombs from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties in Houzhai village, Shuocheng district. The excavation of Houzhai cemetery provides rich archaeological materials for studying the layout of cemeteries, burial hierarchy and funeral customs in the areas along the northern Great Wall from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties. At the same time, it is of great value to explore the political and military development history of the Central Plains and northern areas during the Warring States period. In November 2019, two ancient wooden wells, one large and one small, were found during the reconstruction of shantytowns in Yangquan City. The upper part of the small well was destroyed, and the wooden well wall of the large well was basically intact. The well is a large wooden ancient well with the most complete structure preservation in this period found in China. The nine sided structure is quite peculiar and the masonry technology is exquisite. The notch tenon and tongue and groove tenon in the wood components are the most complete early tenon and tenon structure existing, reflecting superb design concept and advanced construction technology. Activate the historical scene "Stone tool assembly is a backward research method for archaeology to study the manufacturing process of stone tools." According to Zhang Guanghui of the Institute of Chinese civilization of Shanxi Academy of archaeology, through the assembly of stone tools, the researchers restored the operation chain of stone tool production and processing of Dingcun people 100000 years ago, and restored a picture of human life 100000 years ago: the ancient Dingcun people active on both sides of Fenhe River used angular shale gravel as blank to produce stone tools; Hunting elephants and deer as food by using triangular sharp tools, scrapers and stone balls; Use fire for cold protection and cooking. With bright colors and grand scale, the hundred person glazed guard of honor figurines unearthed in Changzhi Shijiazhuang cemetery are composed of door gods, warriors, Jile, Zhang officials, generals, attendants and sedan bearers, which reproduces the etiquette system at that time. The Ming Dynasty implemented the feudalism system. The fiefs located in Shanxi included Zhu GUI, king of Jin (Taiyuan), Zhu GUI, king of Dai (Datong), and Zhu Mo, king of Shen (Changzhi), who later moved in. The glazed terracotta warriors of honor unearthed from Shijiazhuang cemetery in Changzhi are owned by Zhu Tianyu, general of Yunhe Prefecture and Fengguo of the Shen family. The pottery figurines with the themes of three colored camels, horses, heavenly kings and tomb animals unearthed from the yaotou Tang tomb in Xinjiang are not only a symbol of the tomb owner's wealth and social status, but also a realistic portrayal of social stability and abundant resources. In 2016, Shanxi Institute of archaeology found a site of Song Jin porcelain kiln in Guzhen Town, Hejin. The discovery of Jin Dynasty porcelain pillow of Hejin kiln not only filled the gap of no relevant porcelain making relics in this area, found a firing kiln for relevant porcelain relics at home and abroad, but also revealed a complete porcelain making industry chain, which provided a basis for studying the porcelain making process of Hejin kiln in the song and Jin Dynasties Kiln burning technology provided rich data and was selected as the "top ten new archaeological discoveries in China" in that year. From the Northern Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China experienced two climaxes of national integration, and finally formed a unified multi-ethnic country. The exchanges between various nationalities and the mutual learning between eastern and Western cultures have promoted the great development of Chinese culture and had a wide impact in East Asia and the world. Shanxi is the core ruling area of the Northern Dynasty and the place where the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty first appeared. It is also the focus of northern economy and culture in the song and Yuan Dynasties and the big stage for the cultivation of Jin Merchants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A series of new archaeological discoveries in recent years have shown vivid historical scenes. (outlook new era)