Analysis on the operational consumption mechanism of weapons and equipment ■ Zhang Guoning, Bai Chengsen, Zhu Jiang Key tips ● Weapon Equipment Combat consumption system is a complex system, which mainly includes human, weapon equipment, battlefield environment and other elements. These elements can not simply replace each other, but they are interrelated and interact with each other, and the functions, behaviors and attributes of the whole system emerge. ● modern warfare emphasizes "equal emphasis on people and things" and requires the "organic integration" of people, weapons and environment. How to make the battlefield situation develop towards the situation that is most beneficial to our own side, so as to maximize the combat effectiveness, has become the key to win the battlefield victory. Practice shows that the development and evolution of war forms makes the combat consumption of weapons and equipment rise instead of falling. Although the wars in recent years are small-scale local wars, the consumption of weapons, equipment, ammunition and maintenance equipment is very huge. If the research on the combat consumption mechanism of weapons and equipment is not deep, it is easy to cause the disconnection between combat and support, lack of basis for raising, purchasing and storing all kinds of materials, and seriously restrict the generation of combat effectiveness. Using the complexity science research method to analyze the combat consumption mechanism of weapons and equipment is helpful for us to scientifically predict the combat consumption and improve the standardization level of military combat capability construction and equipment support. How is the weapon equipment combat consumption system composed War system is a typical complex system. Many problems that cannot be explained and described will be encountered in operation, which are related to the complexity of the system. Weapon Equipment Combat consumption system is also a complex system, which mainly includes human, weapon equipment, battlefield environment and other elements. These elements can not simply replace each other, but they are interrelated and interact with each other, and the functions, behaviors and attributes of the whole system emerge. Man is the core part of the system and belongs to the decisive element, which will never change. There are confrontation relations between people, as well as their own internal command, coordination and allocation, which are reflected in the impact of command level, army morale and other factors on combat consumption. Weapons and equipment include all kinds of weapons, ammunition, equipment and equipment used by various services and arms. There is not only the relationship of iterative renewal and mutual restriction, but also the relationship of allocation and combination and mutual supplement. At the same time, weapons and equipment are also tools in people's hands. People and weapons and equipment combine to form different types of combat forces and complete different combat tasks. It can be said that they perform their respective duties and responsibilities. Battlefield environment includes geography, humanities, electromagnetic network, nuclear, biological and chemical, etc. the environment not only affects people's combat behavior, but also affects the effectiveness of weapons and equipment. The relationship between people, weapons and equipment and the environment is very complex. For example, when fighting in alpine mountains, the air is thin and the air pressure and temperature are low, which is easy to cause personnel slow response, increased difficulty in aircraft taking off and landing, weapon firing bias and so on. In short, modern warfare emphasizes "equal emphasis on people and things" and requires the "organic integration" of people, weapons and the environment. How to make the battlefield situation develop towards the situation that is most beneficial to our own side, so as to maximize the combat effectiveness, has become the key to win the battlefield victory. The combat consumption system of weapons and equipment is complex Complexity science emphasizes the combination of holism and reductionism, micro analysis and macro synthesis, cognitive understanding and practical action, scientific reasoning and philosophical speculation. Weapon Equipment Combat consumption system presents typical complexity characteristics such as uncertainty, adaptability and emergence. The interaction of many factors makes the combat consumption uncertain. Uncertainty is common in the process of combat consumption, which is usually divided into four types: random, fuzzy, grey and unascertained. Random is a form of chance. Although the event is certain, the probability of event occurrence cannot be determined. During the Kosovo war, the U.S. military changed 77 plans in 78 days of operation, mainly because of the great random uncertainty in the operation. Fuzziness is the ambiguous judgment of "yes or no" and "specious" when judging events. For example, when to "turn from defensive to offensive", it is difficult for the commander to grasp this "degree". Grey is the uncertainty caused by incomplete understanding of information, which is often called "fog of war". Unascertained is the uncertainty caused by insufficient cognition. "Black swan" event is actually "unknown unknown", while "grey rhinoceros" refers to "known unknown". The fierce confrontation between the enemy and ourselves makes the combat consumption adaptive. On the battlefield, both sides must constantly adapt to the operational environment, coordinate the relationship between internal and friendly neighbors, and make the operation develop in the direction beneficial to their own side. On the one hand, people, weapons and equipment should adapt to the environment and operational requirements. Weapons and equipment can only play a role if they are operated by people. People must consider the impact of the operational environment, especially the strategy and wisdom of the commander, and the impact of the formed command decision on the operational action, and try to integrate with weapons and equipment to adapt to the operation. On the other hand, operations should adapt to the ability of rear equipment support. Since weapons, ammunition and other resources are not inexhaustible, in order to achieve combat purposes, the actions of both sides must be limited by guarantee conditions. At the beginning of the war to resist US aggression and aid Korea, our army's support capacity was very limited, and the army must create effective methods of operation to adapt to these conditions; In the later stage of the campaign, the logistics support capability of our army was greatly improved, and then a new operation method adapted to the new conditions was created. The interaction of people, weapons and environment makes the combat consumption emerge. John Holland, the author of emergence: from chaos to order, believes that "emergence is centered on interaction, which is much more complex than the simple accumulation of individual behaviors". That is, after a single subject in a complex system is combined and interacted according to a certain functional structure, the functions that a single subject does not have by simple superposition emerge, which is characterized by "non additive". In the firepower preparation stage before the force action, when we reasonably allocate weapons and ammunition according to the battlefield environment, and the commander identifies the key nodes in the enemy system, the continuous and intensive firepower attack can not only double the enemy's targets, but also quickly disintegrate their fighting will. Our morale is high, but also further improve the weapon firing speed and ammunition hit rate, The corresponding consumption of weapons and equipment will also be greatly reduced. Operational mechanism of Weapon Equipment Combat consumption system complexity The operation mechanism reflects the internal working mode of each element in the complex system and the operation rules and principles of their interaction under certain environmental conditions. The operation mechanism of Weapon Equipment Combat consumption system mainly includes relationship action mechanism, active adaptation mechanism and fusion emergence mechanism. Relationship mechanism. The normal operation of combat consumption system depends on the joint action of command, coordination and support among combat units. On the one hand, orderly and coordinated internal relations are the basis for the formation of joint force of combat consumption system. Through comprehensive integration and other means, the combat system can better integrate all combat units and elements, and each weapon, equipment and personnel on the battlefield are inextricably related to other elements. In the course of combat, commanders at all levels should reasonably command, coordinate and control the combat allocation, tasks and actions in combination with the specific combat style, action and battlefield environment and the technical performance of weapons and equipment. On the other hand, paralyzing the enemy's combat system is an effective means to achieve combat objectives. In the operation process of the combat system, we should be good at using our own advantages to find the weak links in the enemy's combat system, so as to find a way to defeat the enemy. In 2015, relying on its advantages in unmanned combat power, the Russian army used 6 multi-purpose combat robots, 4 fire support combat robots, 3 UAVs and the andromeda-d automatic command system to establish an unmanned combat cluster, identify the weaknesses in the operation system of the Islamic state, adopt the way of concealed low altitude penetration, and focus on its radar stations Communication nodes and other targets, so as to achieve the purpose of quickly paralyzing its combat system. Active adaptation mechanism. First of all, people, weapons and equipment should meet the requirements of operational objectives. The commander's decision-making will have an impact on combat operations, and will decide what weapons and ammunition to use and what actions to adopt to achieve combat objectives; Similarly, people who operate weapons and equipment will actively adapt to the operational environment and complete a series of actions through their own cognition and understanding. Second, operations and support should adapt to each other. Before operational operations, we should fully consider our own support capability, and formulate operational plans in line with the reality of support. Support departments should also fully understand the operational objectives and requirements and optimize the allocation of materials and equipment within the scope of support capability. Thirdly, one party should adapt to the other party's combat methods, actions and corresponding changes as soon as possible. The so-called "irregular warfare and impermanent water" requires both sides to consider and adapt to the changes of the battlefield in the process of combat. In the Lebanon Israel conflict in 2006, when the two sides exchanged fire in cities and towns, the armed forces of Hezbollah in Lebanon were prepared and ambushed on the ground, while the Israeli army rushed forward lightly. In addition, various heavy weapons could not play a great role in street fighting, resulting in heavy casualties. In the later stage of the war, the Israeli army took the initiative to adapt to the battlefield environment, actively adjusted the operational deployment, changed the operational mode and action, and attacked the opponent by means of large-scale air strikes, thus greatly reducing casualties. Especially on December 26, 2008, dozens of Israeli warplanes threw hundreds of tons of bombs at more than 100 targets in Gaza in four minutes. This operation, which can be called blitz, is an epitome of its initiative to adapt to the war after learning lessons. Fusion emergence mechanism. Integration is not a simple "1 + 1", but focuses on the integration of material, energy and information, so as to emerge the functions that the original elements do not have. One is the emergence of "positive summation" effect. That is, "1 + 1 > 2", the fusion of two independent elements produces an effect greater than the simple sum of the two. For example, under the same combat style, the ammunition consumption is relatively fixed to meet the same damage requirements for the same combat objects and targets. When one side concentrates its forces and weapons in a certain area and mobilizes its morale, the personnel will operate weapons and equipment more quickly and smoothly, and the hit rate will be further improved. In this way, the damage effect produced by the superposition of various ammunition will be much greater than the sum of the damage effects of a single ammunition. This is the truth that a mob is no enemy to a well-trained army. The second is the emergence of "negative summation" effect. That is, "1 + 1lt; 2", the fusion of two independent elements produces an effect less than the simple sum of the two. In the Laiwu campaign, the Kuomintang army was 1.3 times the strength of the people's Liberation Army, and its weapons and equipment were obviously superior. However, their command level was poor and their morale was low. Finally, they were completely defeated by our army. To sum up, studying the operational consumption mechanism of weapons and equipment will help to accurately plan operations and accurately calculate the support requirements according to the actual cases, realize the transformation from general command to accurate command, and obtain large operational benefits at a small cost, so as to lead the R & D and purchase of new weapons and equipment, and establish the combat effectiveness standard of the army We will play an important role in consolidating the foundation for preparations for military struggle and scientifically planning equipment support. (outlook new era)