Tesla, an American car company, opened a new exhibition hall in Xinjiang, China. Some American politicians couldn't sit still and accused them of ignoring or supporting human rights violations in the region. In this regard, foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin responded on January 6 that the so-called sanctions imposed by the United States on Xinjiang Based on lies that have long been exposed by facts once again exposed the true intention of the United States to carry out economic coercion and political repression against China under the guise of human rights. At the 2021 China International Semiconductor exhibition held in Shanghai, more than 1100 domestic and foreign industry exhibitors focused on displaying products and technologies in the whole industry chain, such as chip design, manufacturing, packaging and testing, equipment and material supply. The picture shows the audience visiting a model exhibit of inductively coupled etching equipment provided by Chinese semiconductor enterprises. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Fang Zhe Not long ago, the United States signed the so-called "Uygur forced labor Prevention Act" (hereinafter referred to as the "act"), presumed all products produced in Xinjiang as so-called "forced labor" products, and banned the import of products related to Xinjiang. Recently, the United States has also included a number of Chinese institutions and companies in the "entity list", and high-tech industries and enterprises are the key targets of crackdown. For a long time, under the guise of "democracy", "human rights" and "national security", the United States has abused its financial hegemony and technological advantages, overriding its domestic law over international law, and its sinister intention to curb China's development is clear. What routines does the United States have to curb China's development? Disturbing the pace of China's development, why does the United States focus on high-tech fields? The reporter interviewed Liu Guozhu, director of the American Research Center of Zhejiang University. Under the guise of "human rights", the United States engages in political manipulation and economic bullying in an attempt to curb China's development Reporter: Intel was exposed to prohibit its suppliers from using products from Xinjiang, causing an uproar. Some people believe that this is another case of "multinational corporations involved in Sino US geopolitical disputes". Does Intel's move have the shadow of the U.S. government? How do you view the U.S. pressure on multinational enterprises? Liu Guozhu: the essence of this problem is the behavior of the US government. The bill has strengthened and upgraded the US crackdown on China in the name of "forced labor" involving Xinjiang. It is another example of political manipulation and economic bullying under the guise of "human rights" in an attempt to undermine the prosperity and stability of Xinjiang and curb China's development. The Biden administration followed the old routine of "controlling China with Xinjiang" in some western countries, regarded Xinjiang related affairs as an important starting point to curb and suppress China and a breakthrough point to divide China, hindered the development of Xinjiang by suppressing the economy of Xinjiang, and made it difficult for the Chinese government to govern Xinjiang. Reporter: the United States has frequently waved a big stick of sanctions against China and recently included a number of Chinese institutions and companies in the "entity list". What are the common characteristics of the fields and enterprises targeted by the United States against China, and what measures are usually adopted? Liu Guozhu: in recent years, especially since the trump administration, the United States has significantly increased sanctions against Chinese enterprises and institutions. According to statistics, from March 2018 to December 2021, the U.S. government and its functional departments included more than 600 Chinese companies, institutions and individuals in the "entity list". The sanctioned Chinese enterprises generally fall into the following categories: the first category is high-tech and emerging technology enterprises, especially digital technology enterprises related to artificial intelligence, new generation mobile communication technology, quantum technology and semiconductor technology, including digital infrastructure construction enterprises; The second category is suspected by the United States of having military background or dual-use technology enterprises, as well as colleges and universities traditionally close to the military; The third category is Xinjiang related enterprises and institutions, including Xinjiang's public security and law system. There are mainly the following ways for the United States to suppress Chinese enterprises listed in the sanctions list: first, restrict market access, that is, prohibit the products of sanctioned Chinese enterprises from entering the U.S. market and participating in bidding in the U.S. market; Second, investment screening, that is to prohibit U.S. capital from investing in Chinese enterprises listed in the sanctions list, including buying the shares of these companies; Third, senior executives and technicians of sanctioned Chinese enterprises and institutions are prohibited from entering the United States, and American universities and scientific research institutions are prohibited from conducting normal academic exchanges with Chinese enterprises on the sanctions list; Fourth, without obtaining the export license of the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. enterprises and enterprises using U.S. technology are prohibited from providing spare parts to sanctioned Chinese enterprises; Fifth, build a "science and technology alliance" to encircle China internationally. For example, the United States peddles the "clean network" plan around the world, and the United States audits telecommunications enterprises in various countries. As long as the use of Chinese products or spare parts is regarded as "unclean", it will be included in the list of no cooperation or even sanctions by the U.S. government. The name of "clean network" is to maintain data security and privacy. In fact, it aims to suppress and curb communication and Internet enterprises in other countries and consolidate the monopoly position of the United States in the high-tech field. The United States places science and technology competition at the core of China US strategic competition, doing everything to maintain its technological hegemony Reporter: in addition to conventional scientific and technological competition, the United States has increasingly used national strength and unconventional means to disrupt the development pace of China's high-tech industry. Why does the United States focus on China's high-tech field and encircle, chase and intercept China's high-tech enterprises? Liu Guozhu: the United States has focused on China's high-tech development. Since the trump administration, it has significantly increased the pressure on China's high-tech industries and enterprises. From "entity list" to "chip ban", means emerge in endlessly. This is also a concentrated embodiment of the great changes that have not taken place in the world in a century. On the surface, it is the drastic changes in the traditional relations among major powers, and behind it is the changes brought about by the emerging technological revolution. It can be said that the fourth scientific and technological revolution represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information technology and new generation mobile communication technology is the key variable of the international great change. Reviewing the history of human development, every scientific and technological revolution will bring great changes to the international pattern. For example, the first scientific and technological revolution promoted the establishment of Britain's first world hegemony, the second scientific and technological revolution promoted the rise of Germany in Europe and the United States in the world, and the third scientific and technological revolution consolidated the global hegemony of the United States. Since the end of the 19th century, the United States has been leading the trend of world scientific and technological development, and its leading position in the field of science and technology has also established its technological advantage, industrial advantage, military advantage and financial hegemony to some extent. However, now the United States sees that China is developing steadily along its own path, making breakthroughs in important areas of the fourth scientific and technological revolution, and its achievements are obvious to all, which has triggered "American anxiety". The scientific and technological revolution has a broad and far-reaching impact on the national interests of the United States. The United States is worried about losing its leading position in the field of science and technology and gradually losing its dominant position in other fields, which the United States is unwilling to accept. Therefore, the United States clearly places scientific and technological competition at the core of China US strategic competition, and tries to contain China from the perspectives of simultaneous attack and defense, mutual assistance between domestic and foreign countries, and short-term and long-term combination, so as to maintain its technological hegemony. "Precise decoupling", "science and technology alliance", "emerging technology governance", and three tactics of science and technology to curb China Reporter: what are the characteristics of the scientific and technological containment implemented by the United States against China? Liu Guozhu: there are three main characteristics of the United States' scientific and technological containment of China: First, to block China's access to advanced countries' technologies and technical products in the emerging technology field by "precise decoupling", which is called "small courtyard high wall", that is, to carefully review the technologies related to the leading technology of the United States and establish a detailed directory, which is called "small courtyard"; It is a "high wall" to establish strict protection measures for the technologies included in the list and avoid the acquisition of technologies and technical products by China. Second, "science and technology alliance" is one of the main means for the United States to contain China. The most cutting-edge technology in the world today is mainly in the hands of the United States and its allies. The "science and technology alliance" constitutes the "power multiplier" for the United States to contain China in the field of science and technology. In June 2021, the U.S. - Europe trade and Technology Commission was established to define the U.S. - Europe relationship as "a partner committed to promoting digital transformation and new technology cooperation", with the purpose of strengthening the leadership of the United States and Europe in technology and industry. This is an important part of the so-called "science and technology alliance" established by the United States. With the group of seven as the core, the "science and technology alliance" will also include Australia, South Korea, India and other countries. In addition, some leading enterprises in the technology field, such as Nokia and Ericsson, will be included in the alliance system. With the help of the "science and technology alliance", the United States attempts to achieve the goal of building a science and technology camp to curb China. Third, in the name of "emerging technology governance", the United States has stepped up its competition for the leadership of the international standards organization and seized the governance norms and rules of key digital technologies. The focus of international rule-making power is focused on technical standards. Technical standards are elements of strategic significance. They can provide economic benefits, promote innovation and help improve national strength. More importantly, as an emerging technology field, the technical standards in the digital field are still in the process of definition, and the world is open to the formulation, standardization and development of new rules. The U.S. containment of Huawei 5g reflects China's prominent technical advantages in relevant fields, and the United States believes that its dominance in formulating international rules has been impacted. Reporter: some US government officials believe that the United States should unite its allies to take measures to further restrict the export of chip manufacturing equipment to China. Why is the chip the core area for the United States to implement scientific and technological containment against China? What impact has this brought to the development of relevant fields in China? Liu Guozhu: chip is known as the brain of manufacturing industry. With the development of digital technology and the increasing proportion of digital economy in the national economy, the importance of chip will be further improved. In the digital age, data is power, and processing data depends on chips. From computers to cars, from mobile phones to various artificial intelligence devices, they are inseparable from chips. It can be said that in the digital age, the importance of chips is the same as that of oil in the era of internal combustion engine, so chips have become the core field for the United States to implement scientific and technological containment against China. Blocking the chip is equivalent to blocking a power source for the development of China's digital technology. In the field of chip manufacturing, China is still at the low end of the industrial chain. In addition to being close to the world's advanced level in the field of chip design, there is still a large gap between China and leading countries in chip manufacturing technology. More importantly, the EUV lithography machine required for making high-end chips can only be produced by asmai company in the Netherlands. However, EUV lithography machine uses a large number of spare parts produced by American enterprises, so if EUV lithography machine is to be exported to China, it needs to obtain the license issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The United States has been blocking the "neck" of China's chip technology development by controlling the export of lithography machines. At present, this is a bottleneck in the development of China's digital technology and artificial intelligence technology. It is the clear intention of the United States to limit and compress the development space of China's digital economy Reporter: the United States has strengthened its management and control in the R & D, export control and investment screening of digital technology, strengthened the competition for leadership in the leading institutions of international technical standards, and included Chinese digital technology enterprises in the sanctions list. However, the United States is accusing China and other countries of using digital technology to infringe upon their rights