On the physical examination report, what does the dense number mean? What does the arrow next to the indicator mean? What if the indicator is abnormal? Lin Songbai, director of the Department of health medicine of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Li Jing, the attending physician, tell you how to understand the physical examination report. What do you think of the physical examination report? "Introduction" is coming! Meaning of symbols ↑↓: all numerical indicators have a reference range (in medicine, the range of an indicator in 95% of normal people is usually used as the reference range). If the indicator value is not within this range, it will be marked as rising (↑) or falling (↓). + -： They represent "yes" and "no", that is, the test results are positive and negative respectively. ±: represents an uncertain positive result. Tip: arrows do not mean that the indicators must be abnormal or suffer from certain diseases. The positive results do not necessarily mean that there are certain problems. For example, when the hepatitis B surface antibody is positive, it means that you are resistant. It is recommended to focus on the summary of abnormal results and clear suggestions on the next treatment. routine blood test Blood routine examination should focus on "three lines", namely red blood cells (responsible for oxygen transport), white blood cells (responsible for immune response) and platelets (responsible for anticoagulation). The obvious increase or decrease of "three lines" indicates that there are some problems. For example, low white blood cells may lead to the decline of human resistance, which indicates that there may be inflammatory reaction and infection in the body. The blood routine indexes of patients with different types of leukemia are different. Although some will show a significant increase in leukocytes, there is also a situation of no increase or decrease. At this time, it is often accompanied by abnormal hints of other blood routine indexes. Usually, the most common cause of elevated leukocytes is the body's inflammatory response. cholesterol Cholesterol is not entirely a "bad thing". High density lipoprotein cholesterol can protect blood vessels. Raising it is not a bad thing. If low-density or non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is high, it indicates that the lifestyle needs to be improved - it is recommended to reduce the intake of greasy food and drink low-fat milk. However, if there is no intake of animal nutrients, the human body will lack essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, so this kind of food can not be eaten completely. The intake of animal viscera, fried foods, desserts and snacks should be controlled. It is recommended to exercise at least 5 times a week. Dyslipidemia may also be related to genetic factors, and drug treatment can be actively carried out under the advice of professional doctors. Tumor markers Tumor markers commonly used include PSA (prostate specific antigen), AFP (alpha fetoprotein), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), as well as CA199 and CA125 of carbohydrate antigen CA series. Some indexes whose names are not related to tumor may also be related to tumor, such as ferritin, M protein, hCG, etc. Men over the age of 40 can screen for prostate cancer by regularly testing PSA. AFP should be detected regularly in people with a history of chronic hepatitis and an increased risk of liver cancer. CA125 and CA199 can be detected regularly in people with family history of hereditary tumors, increased risk of ovarian cancer or pancreatic cancer. However, the detection of tumor markers can not replace imaging or endoscopy. There is a correlation between tumor markers and tumors, but if you get a tumor, the tumor markers do not necessarily increase, and the increase of tumor markers does not necessarily mean you get a tumor. When tumor markers are significantly higher and higher, it is often necessary to combine imaging examination to find possible tumors. If tumor markers are found to be elevated, we should listen to the opinions of professional doctors, improve the necessary examination, and observe the dynamic changes of indicators. urinalysis Normal urine is light yellow and clear, with strong tea color and soy sauce color, suggesting that urine may be abnormal. The normal range of urine pH value is 4.5-8, but the pH value change with pathological significance is often acidosis. For the pH value change, the routine physical examination population does not have to tangle too much. The positive urine ketone body in the physical examination report is mostly caused by fat metabolites produced under fasting and starvation. When people without blood glucose problems have positive urine glucose, pay attention to check whether there is a problem with the reabsorption capacity of renal tubules. Positive urobilinogen and urinary bilirubin may also be related to some blood system diseases, not necessarily liver diseases. It should be combined with blood indexes and abdominal ultrasound. There can be a small amount of red blood cells and white blood cells in normal urine, but after excluding pollution factors, if the number of red blood cells and white blood cells increases, further examination is required. Patients with hypertension and diabetes suggest regular urine ACR examination to detect urinary albumin, so as to detect early renal damage and adjust medication in time. Fecal examination The routine physical examination package generally does not include colonoscopy. At this time, the most effective method for colorectal cancer screening is fecal occult blood, so don't give up casually. If there is no stool on the day of physical examination, it can be retained and sent for examination on another day according to relevant requirements. When occult blood is positive, do not take it for granted that it is "hemorrhoids". It is suggested that people over 50 years old or those with family history of digestive system tumors should improve gastrointestinal endoscopy. Young people with positive occult blood should not be taken lightly. They should have at least three consecutive reexamination. Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori is a kind of bacteria in the stomach, which is related to the incidence of gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma, but "whether to kill it or not" is still controversial. The detection of current infection includes urea breath test, fecal antigen and gastroscope urease test; Infection trace detection requires blood sampling to detect antibodies. When the blood antibody is positive, it indicates that it has been infected with Helicobacter pylori. In general, people with stomach diseases must be treated with sterilization. Four combination therapy is often used, that is, taking two antibiotics, bismuth and acid inhibitor for about 2 weeks. It should be noted that there must be evidence of current infection before deciding on treatment. Other abnormal conditions As for "hyperplasia", "cyst", "nodule" and "space occupying", the potential risk of lesions in different parts is different, which can not be generalized. For example, hyperplasia is a normal manifestation of the breast of women of childbearing age, and cysts are generally benign, but when cysts appear in the pancreas, kidney and ovary, there is a potential risk of malignancy. Breast, thyroid and lung nodules suggest that you need to be vigilant above grade 4. It is recommended to compare the physical examination reports over the years, increase the observation frequency for newly discovered cysts and nodules, and observe the size changes every 3 months. Gastrointestinal polyps may become malignant and should be removed in time. Generally, gallbladder polyps larger than 1 cm should be removed, and gallbladder polyps that grow too fast should also be intervened in time. Most of cervical polyps or endometrial polyps are benign, but when the polyps are large or have clinical symptoms such as bleeding, resection can be considered. (outlook new era)