The ancient Egyptian civilization exhibition "Encountering Ancient Egypt: The Eternal Mystery of Mummies" that recently closed in Beijing attracted many visitors. Among the exquisite exhibits are several small exhibits: eye shadow cans, eye makeup pens, wooden combs and cosmetic boxes used by ancient Egyptians. These small exhibits may seem inconspicuous among many heavyweight exhibits, but they reflect a side of the social life of ancient Egyptians, arousing the audience's interest in the topic of women in ancient Egypt. Based on archaeological excavations and research on ancient literature, archaeologists and sociologists have concluded that women in ancient Egypt enjoyed almost the same rights as men in many aspects of social life, and respect for women was reflected in many aspects from religious beliefs to social customs. Ancient Egyptian women were able to own their own property. Ancient Egyptian law stipulated that women could own and manage their own property, and had the right to dispose of their own property. She can purchase and sell private property, become a legal partner, act as an executor of wills and witness to legal documents, file lawsuits in court, adopt children in her own name, and travel around. A papyrus document found near Luxor from the 12th to 11th century BC indicates that it was a will of a wealthy woman, listing her property and the children who would inherit it. She also mentioned which children would receive nothing because she did not receive their care in her later years. However, studies have also shown that many women in ancient Egypt were unaware of their rights and never exercised them. Property rights enabled women in ancient Egypt not only to have a certain degree of economic independence, but also to be respected in society. Ancient Egyptian women had the right to work and could also run their own businesses. Ancient Egypt is similar to modern society, with certain gender characteristics in occupational division of labor. For example, men are more likely to engage in physically demanding jobs such as administrative management and military combat, while women are more likely to work in food production such as baking bread and brewing beer, managing houses, sewing, and service industries. In their field of work, women can establish their own businesses just like men. Ancient Egyptian society showed greater respect for talented women. From pharaohs to ordinary people, when choosing a spouse, they not only hope that the other person is beautiful, but also hope that the other person can have certain talents and skills, such as sewing, weaving, music, dance, etc. In marriage, women in ancient Egypt enjoyed equal rights with men. Many ancient Egyptian reliefs, paintings, and inscriptions depict scenes of husbands and wives eating, dancing, drinking, and farming together. Love poems were very popular in ancient Egypt, used to praise the beauty and kindness of girlfriends or wives. There is a love poem that goes like this: "I will never be far away from you. My hand is in your hand, and I will walk with you in every place I love In ancient Egyptian society, women were not considered the private property of their husbands. They had the freedom to marry anyone they wanted and could also apply for divorce. According to historical records, some ancient Egyptian couples would sign prenuptial agreements favorable to women, which stipulated that if a man initiated divorce, he would lose the right to sue for property and must pay a certain amount of alimony to his wife until she remarried or notified him to stop paying. An ancient Egyptian document records a provision regarding property rights: in divorce, the wife has the right to receive one-third of the property, with one-third belonging to the husband and one-third to the children. Both divorced men and women in ancient Egypt had the right to choose to remarry. Women in ancient Egypt had the right to receive education. Women from the upper and middle classes in ancient Egyptian society were often encouraged by their families to receive education. Becoming a priestess of a famous temple was an ideal for many educated women in ancient Egypt. According to records, the Temple of the Goddess Hathor is famous for having a considerable number of priestesses and female clergy. Doctors, teachers, and secretaries are professions favored by educated women. The reputation for tolerance towards women in ancient Egyptian society was well-known, attracting many women from other parts of the Mediterranean to study in Egypt by boat. According to historical records, there was a girl named Agnodice from Athens, Greece who was refused medical education in Athens due to her gender. She went to Egypt around the 4th century BC to study and then disguised herself as a man to return to her hometown to practice medicine. It is worth noting that when it comes to the social status of women in ancient Egypt, slaves are not included. In ancient Egyptian society, France was always the supreme ruler, and the nobility and bureaucratic class were the prominent social classes. Soldiers, farmers, craftsmen, merchants, and other social classes constituted the main social strata. Slaves are at the bottom of society and have no social status, especially female slaves. Although women were respected to some extent in ancient Egyptian society, they still could not achieve complete equality with men in many aspects, especially in terms of career and life choices. Women are not allowed to join the military or serve as senior government officials. Even women in the royal family find it difficult to reach the pinnacle of power. According to ancient Egyptian law, if the pharaoh who inherits the throne is very young, his mother or other female members of the royal family can act as regents to rule on his behalf, but the power must be transferred when the young pharaoh reaches adulthood. In the history of ancient Egypt, there were also women who broke this restriction and became famous female rulers, including Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, and Cleopatra. The most famous female pharaoh in ancient Egypt was Hatshepsut during the New Kingdom period. Hatshepsut was the daughter of a pharaoh, intelligent and strong willed from a young age. After her father's death, her half brother Tuthmos II succeeded to the throne, and she married him to become the queen. Due to her husband's poor health and illness, the power of the kingdom actually fell into the hands of Hatshepsut. After her husband's death, she first served as regent for Thutmose III, then exiled him and joined forces with monks to claim to be the daughter of the sun god Amun. She ascended to the throne of pharaoh in 1479 BC. She disguised herself as a man, wore a fake beard, and ordered everyone to address her using male pronouns. During her more than 20 years in power, she worked hard to bring an end to foreign wars and began commercial exchanges with neighboring countries, allowing her father's prosperous era to continue. During her reign, ancient Egypt was powerful and prosperous. She built a large number of temples and erected four obelisks over 30 meters high to praise the sun god. After the exiled Thutmose III returned to the throne, she mysteriously disappeared. Although most of the texts and images related to her were soon removed from Egyptian temples and obelisks, the magnificent Hatshepsut Temple standing on the west bank of the Nile River in Luxor has been preserved to this day, telling the story of this female pharaoh to the world. Nefertiti, who lived between 1370 BC and 1330 BC, was the queen of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten and was known as the "most powerful and influential woman in ancient Egypt". In ancient Egyptian, the meaning of "Nefertiti" was "a beauty coming towards you", and its beauty was evident. She assisted her husband in launching an unprecedented religious reform, which weakened the power of many high priests; Abandoned the traditional capital city of Thebes and established the bustling new capital of Amarna in the heart of the barren desert. Here she sits on an equal footing with the pharaoh and together becomes the supreme ruler of Egypt. In ancient Egyptian murals, she and her husband each drive a chariot, neck and neck, highlighting their power and status. After her husband's death, the opposition launched a rebellion and the country was on the brink of collapse. Nefertiti stepped forward and took emergency measures to save the situation. Later, she adopted Tutankhamun as her adopted son, thus monopolizing power and becoming the actual queen. There are two completely opposite views on the historical evaluation of Nefertiti: some believe she is a religious fanatic and traitor; Others believe that she is a female hero who made sacrifices to save the country. Anyway, Nefertiti was undoubtedly one of the most influential women in ancient Egypt. The half body statue of Nefertiti, preserved in the New Museum in Berlin, Germany, will always smile and face the comments of future generations. It was after her that ancient Egyptian women gained more freedom and rights. Cleopatra, with Greek Macedonian ancestry, was the queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. She was born in 69 BC during a turbulent period when a powerful Roman army swept across the Mediterranean. Many history books depict her as a woman who relied on beauty to navigate between Roman rulers, but in reality, she was only able to navigate between powerful Roman opponents in order to save the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from crisis. She first assisted her father in governing the country, and after his death, according to ancient Egyptian tradition, at the age of 18, she married her 10-year-old brother and jointly ruled Egypt. Two years later, she was driven out of the palace by her younger brother. In 48 BC, the Roman army landed in Alexandria, Egypt, and the country was in imminent danger. She dedicated herself to Roman Emperor Caesar and, with Caesar's help, married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, becoming the de facto highest leader of Egypt in times of crisis. After Caesar's assassination, she used her beauty to conquer another Roman general, Antony, not only saving Egypt but also receiving parts of the Roman Republic. In 30 BC, the alliance of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated by the Roman consul Octavian, and both committed suicide. With her death, the once prosperous history of ancient Egypt came to an end, and Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire. Her life is closely linked to the fate of Egypt's era. As the ruler of Egypt, she did not enjoy too much wealth and prosperity, and suffered from the hardships of turmoil in her life. She was once a knowledgeable woman who received education from top scholars in the Greek world and studied geography, history, astronomy, philosophy, diplomacy, mathematics, alchemy, medicine, zoology, and economics at the renowned Library of Alexandria. She is proficient in Greek and Egyptian languages and has written several works related to herbs and beauty. Unfortunately, her creations were destroyed in the great fire at the Library of Alexandria in 391 AD. Her image still exists in a large number of art works to this day. The secret of beauty lies in an ancient tomb in the ancient city of Thebes, Egypt, dating back to around 1421-1413 BC. A mural depicts three ladies at a banquet. They wore wax jars in their hair, delicate necklaces, beautiful clothes, and big eyes with eye shadow. It was a very common phenomenon for ancient Egyptian women to undergo beauty and makeup treatments. Since the emergence of ancient Egyptian civilization, eyeliner pens, eye shadow, lipstick and rouge have become the most popular items for women in society. The ancient Egyptians believed that cosmetics not only had the function of beautifying the appearance, but also had many practical uses, including medical functions, ritual functions, and symbolic meanings. In ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the root of the word "makeup artist" is written or carved, indicating that makeup is not just a simple application to the eyes or lips, but also a job that requires a lot of skills. The ancient Egyptian noblewomen who lived between approximately 2030 BC and 1650 BC had a highly ceremonial makeup process. Before makeup, they will exfoliate with dead sea salt, or relax in the milk bath, then apply a facial mask made of milk and honey, apply incense pills under the armpit to remove odor, and apply skin care oil filled with essential oil or spices to moisturize the skin. The ancient Egyptians often used a mixture of honey and sugar to "polish" their skin, and the rouge powder used was usually made of red ochre. Red ochre contains iron oxide, which is ground and mixed with water