The Development and Change of Tea Zen Culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan -- An Example of the Sinicization of Buddhism
2024-11-11
Tea Zen culture is a shining pearl of Chinese Buddhist culture. The rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan Mountain is a demonstration of the sinicization of Buddhism and a typical example of the sinicization of religion. Looking at the 5000 year history of Chinese civilization, tracing the historical traces of tea and Zen culture at Lingyan Temple, and drawing on the historical experience of sinicization of Buddhism, is of great significance for deepening the sinicization of religion in China in the new era. 1、 In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was first introduced to Shandong Province. Among the high monks who built temples and spread the Dharma in Shandong, Zhu Senglang had the greatest influence. Zhuseng Lang, also known as Lang Gong, is the tall foot of Buddha Tu Cheng. Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple is located at the northwest foot of Mount Taishan Mountain. It was built in the first year of the former Qin Emperor (351), and is the first temple initiated by Zhu Senglang after he entered Mount Taishan. Buddhism was first introduced to China as a form of Taoism. Fotu Cheng often uses Taoist techniques to attract followers. Zhu Senglang was deeply influenced and highly proficient in divination. Conforming to the metaphysical trend of Buddhism at that time, Zhu Senglang soon became connected with Zhang Zhongsheng, a famous hermit in Mount Taishan. The friendship between Lang Gong and Zhang Zhong had a significant impact on the development of Lingyan Temple later. The abbots of Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan have always treated Confucianism and Taoism with an open mind. Zhu Senglang was good at dealing with emperors and was highly respected by the highest rulers of six regimes. All the imperial courts gave economic support, which made Mount Taishan Buddhism have the material foundation for great development. Zhu Senglang also built a temple in Jinyu Valley, which was magnificent and quickly became the Buddhist center of Shandong. Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan, built in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, flourished in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Tang and Song Dynasties. Until the third year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1070), Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan had been a place for Zen activities, during which a large number of Zen monks gathered and cultivated. 2、 Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple tea culture has a long history. Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple tea culture has its origin. The southwestern region of China is the birthplace of tea trees in the world, with the earliest recorded tea history dating back to Sichuan. The cultivation of tea trees in Sichuan can be traced back to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Shaanxi was the political and cultural center of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and tea trees began to move from Sichuan to southern Shaanxi along the Sichuan Shaanxi transportation line. Due to climate restrictions, tea trees could not continue northward beyond the Qinling Mountains, so they flowed along the Han River into the political and cultural center of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty - Henan, where they took root and sprouted in the mild climate of southern Henan. During the long period before the Warring States period, China's tea producing areas were mainly limited to the southwestern region where tea trees originated. In the Warring States period, the Seven Heroes emerged together, and wars were frequent. Due to wars and other reasons, a large number of people migrated, and tea trees began to enter the later tea regions of China on a large scale from the southwest region by water and land. During this period, Shandong and Anhui became political and cultural centers, and tea trees moved eastward from the Central Plains to Mount Taishan. The utilization of tea by humans has generally evolved from being consumed as a vegetable to being used for medicine, and then gradually evolved into a beverage. During the Western Han Dynasty, drinking tea was only a special offer from emperors, kings, generals, and ministers, and was not as popular as it was among the common people. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, fresh tea leaves were crushed to make tea cakes. The Chinese ancestors gradually discovered that tea also had the effects of generating fluids, quenching thirst, and refreshing the mind. Therefore, tea entered people's lives as both a traditional Chinese medicine and a beverage, and was mostly consumed by cooking. During the Jin Dynasty, the trend of drinking tea rapidly spread in the upper class society. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, tea drinking began to develop from the upper class society to the common people. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties period was the embryonic stage of Chinese tea culture. Before the Tang Dynasty, tea trees were occupied by feudal rulers and Buddhist temples, resulting in low tea production and not becoming a common beverage among the people. In the Tang Dynasty, individual tea gardens of farmers had become the mainstay of tea production, and tea production was increasing. Tea drinking had become common, and tea trade was mostly controlled by merchants with funds. After the mid Tang Dynasty, the tea industry continued to expand and the tea industry became more developed. Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" divides the tea producing areas in China into eight major regions, which have already spread to the Yangtze River Basin and 14 provinces south of the Yangtze River Basin today. The Tang Dynasty invented steaming green tea, which involves steaming fresh leaves first and then crushing them to make clumped tea. The Tang Dynasty was an important stage in the development of tea production in China, and drinking tea became a social trend after the mid Tang Dynasty. The publication of Lu Yu's "Classic of Tea" marked the formation of Chinese tea culture. In the Tang Dynasty, the climate around Mount Taishan Mountain was warmer and wetter than today, which was suitable for the growth of tea trees. The monks of Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan Mountain tried to plant tea trees. 3、 The rise of Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple tea Zen culture and the fall of demons Tibetan Zen master Kaiyuan years (713-741), the Chinese tea culture and Zen culture in Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple historical intersection. The protagonist of this intersection is Master Jiangmo Zang. In this meeting, the tea Zen culture of Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan has quietly emerged. Master Jiangmo Zang, also known as the "Shakyamuni Master", had an unknown birth and death year and a lifespan of 91 Spring and Autumn. Shi Zangshi is from Zhao County. His surname is Wang, and his father is Bo Jiao. He searched for a teacher with childish teeth, but surprisingly admired the Dharma and had a good nature for solitude. He had many fierce ghosts and held a charm in people. At the age of seven, Zangshi only appeared in his idle room, solitary and wild, and had no fear. As he grew older, he could only see his tall and straight figure, so he was called the Demon Slaying Zangshi. "(Song Zanning's" Biography of Eminent Monks in Song "Volume 8" Biography of the Demon Slaying Zangshi in Dongyue, Yanzhou, Tang ")" Zang "is only one character in his Dharma name. Due to the nickname" Demon Slaying Zangshi ", later generations do not know his complete Dharma name. The sentence is:. Master Jiangmo Zang received teachings from Master Mingzan of Guangfu Academy and later moved to Beizong Zen, becoming a disciple of Shenxiu. For Master Jiangmo Zang, Shen Xiu suspended his memory with the words' You have a connection with the village of Shaohao '. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, the master of the Demon Subduing Tibetan Buddhism came to Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan to promote the Northern Buddhism. "Over the years, scholars have reached the peak of excellence for hundreds of millions of grams of weeks, making Jinyu Gulang a public figure." (Song Zanning, Biography of Eminent Monk Song, Volume VIII, Biography of Tibetan Master Subduing the Devil in Dongyue, Yanzhou, Tang Dynasty) That is, within a few years, the brilliant achievements of Tibetan master Subduing the Devil in Lingyan Temple, Mount Taishan Mountain are only inferior to Zhu Seng Lang's "practice" in Jinyu Valley. The Tang Dynasty's annotated work "Feng Shi Wen Jian Ji" has high historical value and is often used as a source for studying Tang Dynasty culture. The chapter of "Drinking Tea" in Volume VI of Feng Shi Wen Jian Ji is the earliest and most systematic record of the rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan Mountain and the formation of tea drinking fashion in the north. "In the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there were demonic masters in Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan who practiced Zen Buddhism. They could not sleep while learning Zen, and they were not ready to eat, so they were allowed to drink tea. People were forced to drink everywhere. From Zou, Qi, Cang, Di, to Beijing, the city opened more shops to fry tea and sell it without asking for custom, and they invested money to drink it. Their tea came from the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and the boats were in succession. The mountain where they were located was very rich." This passage briefly describes the rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan and The forming process of tea drinking in the north, and the summary of "tea drinking in the south and tea drinking in the north", the time is "in the beginning"; The location, characters and events are "Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple has a demonic master who promotes Zen Buddhism". If you don't want to be annoyed, 'learning Zen is only for those who can't sleep or eat at night, they are allowed to drink tea.'. Only by staying awake can one concentrate in meditation; Satisfied food is easy to sleep, so 'don't eat at night'. Require monks to skip dinner and stay up all night, but allow them to drink tea during the day and at night to refresh themselves and satisfy their hunger. Beizong Zen attaches great importance to strict and diligent meditation practice, and diligently practices the Zen philosophy of "constantly wiping away". The practice of sitting meditation lasts for 90 days. The wind of drinking tea to awaken the spirit in the north originated from Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan, which has its Zen religious basis. People carry themselves and cook and drink everywhere. From then on, it became a custom to imitate and imitate, "describing how these Zen practitioners carried tea cakes and tea utensils and cooked tea soup wherever they went. People from all over the country are also competing to imitate, and eating tea has gradually become a custom in northern societies. The sources of tea used by monks include donations from common people, gifts from the emperor, and even self cultivation by monks. Tang uses tea cakes, so they need to be boiled and consumed, just like cooking rice. There is no record of the utensils used for drinking tea in Lingyan Temple by the Feng family. Before the Tang Dynasty, tea was served in bowls (i.e. rice bowls), and there were already specialized tea utensils in the Tang Dynasty - tea cups (also known as tea cups). From Zou, Qi, Cang, and Di, gradually to Beijing and Yi, many shops were opened in the city to fry tea and sell it. They did not ask about customs, but invested money to drink it. "This refers to the cities from Shandong, Hebei, gradually to Luoyang and Chang'an, where" many shops were opened to fry tea and sell it. "Both cultivators and secular people could" invest money to drink ". Tea comes from the Yangtze River and Huai River, and boats and carts come one after another. The mountains where it is located are rich in color and abundance. "This means that after tea drinking became popular in the north, the tea business flourished unprecedentedly. The Sui and Tang Grand Canal connected the north and south, and tea merchants and boats successively transported tea from the Jianghuai River to the north, piling up like mountains and offering a wide variety of varieties. During this period, tea was no longer a luxury item exclusive to the nobility and literati class, but had become a daily beverage for ordinary people. The rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan has both a long history of tea culture and a deep foundation of Zen culture. The year of passing the imperial examination during the enfeoffment ceremony was only two to thirty years later than the reign of the Zen master Lingyan Temple, who was appointed as a jinshi. Therefore, there should be reliable evidence for the relevant records in the "Drinking Tea" section. The rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan is silent, but it has far-reaching influence. Buddhist precepts, wisdom, and wisdom are the three schools of study, with precepts being the foremost. Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty, and tea producing monks became practitioners and promoters of tea drinking. Monks may have accidentally discovered that drinking tea can make themselves sober and happy, and can help with meditation. Our ancestors only knew the magic of drinking tea, and monks regarded tea as a sacred object. The rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan is a representative event in the development history of Chinese tea Zen culture. Mount Taishan Lingyan Temple's Demon Subduing Tibetan Buddhist Master allowed monks to drink tea to help practice, and believed that through drinking tea, they could understand Buddha's nature, so that tea drinking could gradually be integrated into the content of meditation, and tea became a "monk's family affair". Later, Master Huai Hai, a hundred zhang of the Southern Zen sect, and his mentor Mazu Daoyi jointly established the Chinese Zen jungle system, which combines agriculture and Zen, and emphasizes both agriculture and Zen. They also promoted the cultivation of tea in Zen temples, naturally moving towards the integration of tea and Zen. The "Bai Zhang Qing Gui" also included the cultivation and production of tea by monks in agricultural Zen, and included the drinking of tea by monks in temple tea ceremonies, making the drinking of tea by monks institutionalized and normalized. By the Song Dynasty, drinking tea had become a "monk family tradition" in Zen temples, integrating sitting meditation, drinking tea, and discussing scriptures with Buddhist philosophy and rules. On this basis, the concept of "one flavor of tea and Zen" emerged, which means that the taste of tea and Zen are of the same interest. Drinking tea becomes the accompaniment to Zen meditation, and Zen meditation becomes the purpose of drinking tea. "Eating tea" as a way of Zen enlightenment constitutes the highest level of wisdom of "one flavor of tea and Zen". 4、 The enlightenment of the rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan Mountain, the identification of ideas, the innovation of systems, and the integration of life are the three major ways of the sinicization of Buddhism in history. The rise of tea Zen culture in Lingyan Temple of Mount Taishan shows typicality and representativeness in these three ways. （1） Conceptual identification is the fundamental orientation of the sinicization of Buddhism. There are multiple cultures and religions coexisting in the world, resulting in the issue of heterogeneous cultures and religions. Human cultural and religious activities expand outward in waves, and there are always moments of intersection and conflict between them. There are both non conflicting and conflicting parts between different ethnic cultures. Conflict and integration have always been a core issue in the interaction between different ethnic groups and countries. Buddhism, as an exotic religion, has been accompanied by conflicts and identification with traditional Chinese culture since its introduction to China. In the areas where it conflicts with traditional Chinese culture, whether at the level of belief or ideological concepts, the sinicization of Buddhism requires Buddhism to abandon concepts that do not conform to Chinese cultural traditions and identify with corresponding Chinese cultural concepts. Chinese religions must be deeply embedded in Chinese civilization, and identifying with Chinese cultural concepts is the fundamental orientation of religious sinicization. The Zen Buddhism spread by Lingyan Temple in Mount Taishan is a typical achievement of the sinicization of Buddhism. （2） Institutional innovation is the inevitable path to the sinicization of Buddhism. Baizhang
Edit：He ChengXi Responsible editor：Tang WanQi
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