You know what? Volcanic activity on the moon can last until 2 billion years ago. This study of Chang'e 5 basalt by Chinese scientists has refreshed human's understanding of the history of lunar magmatism and thermal evolution. Since the release of Chang'e 5 lunar samples for one and a half years, scientists have made new discoveries. At the first Chang'e 5 lunar sample research results seminar held by the National Space Administration on January 16, extensive and in-depth discussions were conducted around the basic characteristics of Chang'e 5 lunar soil samples, the history of lunar volcanic activity and the origin of young volcanic activity, the content and source of lunar water and volatile matter, the impact of meteorite on the lunar surface and space weathering, and the new technology of extraterrestrial sample analysis. What lunar secrets did Chang'e 5 bring back? To reveal the mystery of the origin of the moon's young volcanoes, scientists' research on Chang'e 5 basalt not only refreshed human's understanding of the history of the moon's magmatic activity and thermal evolution, but also raised new scientific questions: Why did the lunar volcanic activity last so long? The research team of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that compared with the ancient Apollo low-titanium basalt, the initial magma of the young Chang'e 5 basalt contains higher calcium and titanium. It may be because the source area contains higher clinopyroxene - ilmenite crystals formed in the late stage of the magma ocean, resulting in lower melting point of the lunar mantle and inducing the formation of young volcanoes. This work quantifies the thermal evolution process of slow cooling in the interior of the moon, and provides a new explanation for the important scientific problem of "the origin of young volcanoes on the moon". The secret moon soil in the moon soil glass bead contains a large amount of glass, and the impact genesis glass is an important research object to understand the impact history of the inner solar system, which can reflect the composition of the lunar shell and the impact dynamics of the inner solar system. The international research team composed of Chinese and foreign scholars has preliminarily determined the source impact crater that produced the impact glass pellets of Chang'e V, and discussed the age distribution of the impact glass pellets and the dynamic process of the migration of the inner solar system impactor, indicating that the change of the impact flux of the moon may be related to the mechanical process driven by the asteroid. This work has obtained the age of multiple groups of impact glass pellets in the lunar soil of Chang'e 5 for the first time, and has been associated with the impact crater in the landing area, confirming that the impact frequency of the moon has changed with time since 2 billion years, which means that the Earth has experienced a period of impact frequency higher than the average level in the history of the earth, providing a new direction for the study of the impact history of the earth-moon system. The lunar surface minerals are the "reservoir" of water. Compared with Apollo and the Moon, the mid-latitude lunar samples collected by Chang'e V provide a new window for exploring the content and preservation mechanism of the lunar surface water. The research team of the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carried out research on the pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase minerals in the lunar soil samples of Chang'e 5, analyzed the origin, content and occurrence of water in different minerals, found that there was a large amount of solar wind water in the surface layer of Chang'e 5 minerals, and estimated the contribution of solar wind proton injection to the content of lunar soil water in Chang'e 5. Combined with transmission electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, it is revealed that the formation and preservation of solar wind water are mainly affected by mineral exposure time, crystal structure and composition. This work confirmed that the surface minerals are the important "reservoir" of water and the distribution of water in the mid-latitude area of the moon
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