Important components of human cultural heritage protection
2023-01-04
As a place where people live together, cities are the fruits of human civilization development. The architecture, street pattern and the relationship with the surrounding environment in the city reflect the characteristics of the economy, technology, materials, social form, environmental outlook, aesthetics and other aspects of the specific era. Due to ethnic migration, trade, war and other activities, many cities bear precious historical memories, and also reflect the collision, exchange and integration of multiple cultures. As the witness of human civilization, urban historical landscape protection is an important part of human cultural heritage protection. In 1978, the World Heritage Committee, composed of the States parties to the World Heritage Convention, published the first list of world heritage sites. Among the 12 selected heritage sites, there are two ancient capitals with a long history - Quito, Ecuador, and Krakow, Poland's historical capital. Since then, a large number of ancient cities or core areas of historical towns have been included in the World Heritage List. Their protection has also received extensive attention from the international community. Among these heritages, except for a few in the form of ruins like the ancient city of Pompeii in Italy, most of them continue to function as cities and towns, and some are even the central cities of contemporary politics, economy and culture. This requires the coordination of the relationship between the true and complete protection of the heritage and its value, and the satisfaction of the functional needs of contemporary cities, and the improvement of the living conditions of residents. Therefore, the protection of these towns is more complex and difficult than ancient buildings and sites. In the 21st century, sustainable development has become the common goal of human society. Industrial and resource competition among cities has also become more intense. Not only emerging countries are accelerating urban construction, but developed countries have also started a new wave of urban renewal. In this context, the contradiction faced by the protection of historical towns has become more acute. Many famous historical cities and towns in Europe began to plan to build new high-rise commercial and residential buildings and update urban facilities. The new construction plans launched by some cities and towns with world heritage sites or the whole urban center included in the world heritage list have a significant negative impact on the heritage environment and even the value of the heritage itself. In response to this problem, UNESCO held an international conference in Vienna, Austria in 2005 and reached a final document, the Vienna Memorandum, which regards all the historical relics in the city that reflect the value and characteristics of the city as a whole and defines them as "urban historical landscape". The document also emphasizes that these landscapes and features with historical, scientific, aesthetic, socio-cultural and ecological values should be respected and continued in the process of urban development. This important concept is not only supported and recognized internationally, but also has a profound impact on the evaluation and protection of urban heritage. For example, in 2009, the Elbe Valley project in Dresden, Germany, was removed from the World Heritage Committee due to the destruction of the historical landscape and style by the new bridge; In 2021, the Liverpool Maritime Mall project in England was also canceled as a world heritage because the new large-scale buildings in the coastal area damaged the heritage landscape features. In 2011, UNESCO adopted the Proposal on Urban Historic Landscape, that is, on the basis of the relevant definitions put forward in 2005, people's feeling, experience, visual impression, cultural atmosphere, economic process, etc. are included in the urban historical landscape
Edit：wangwenting Responsible editor：xiaomai
Source：people.cn
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