5g network: energy efficiency will become a green "new ruler"
2022-06-24
5g large-scale application is getting better and better. The continuous growth of network traffic means a significant increase in network energy consumption. To solve the problem of 5g energy consumption, we should not only save energy, but also take into account the business volume and business experience. The new yardstick to measure this "green" network has changed from "energy consumption" to a comprehensive test of "energy efficiency", which requires the entire industrial chain to take "energy efficiency" as the starting point, and to create a new paradigm of 5g high energy efficiency under a low-carbon energy-saving system by focusing on 5g site, equipment, network design, materials, architecture and other innovations. Minimalist transformation makes 5g BTS bid farewell to energy consumption pain points The 5g unit bit energy consumption is 1/5 of that of 4G, but the 5g peak rate has increased by 20 times compared with 4G, and the number of supporting equipment, antennas and stations has doubled compared with 4G. The problem of network energy consumption has been accompanied by the development of 5g. The data shows that the electricity expenditure of 5g base stations accounts for more than 80% of the overall network energy consumption. According to the traditional base station construction mode, each base station needs to set up a machine room. In order to ensure the stable operation of the equipment, the machine room also needs to be equipped with air conditioning. In this way, not only does the site occupy a large area, but also the air conditioning energy consumption is high, and the energy efficiency of the site is usually only 50%~60%. 5g sites are "extremely simplified", which has become a good recipe for building performance and energy saving. "The site is extremely simplified, and a new wireless access network architecture needs to be configured to reduce the energy consumption of supporting facilities." Communication experts from China information and Communication Research Institute told China Electronics News that, for example, the centralized deployment network architecture of c-ran can reduce the demand for air conditioning and power by reducing the number of base stations and supporting equipment, thus reducing the network energy consumption by more than 30%. Guangdong Mobile deploys the 5g network through the centralized c-ran architecture. On the one hand, it simplifies the remote site. The radio frequency unit, power battery and transmission module of the base station are placed outdoors, enabling the machine room to be removed and the air conditioning to be turned off. A typical single station can save about 14500 kilowatt hours of power per year. Pengjianhua, President of Huawei's site energy field, introduced that the energy efficiency can be increased to 80% by replacing the computer room site with an outdoor site. If the "blade" power pole station with natural cooling architecture is further adopted, the site energy efficiency can be improved to 97%. This mode of "replacing houses with cabinets and stations with poles" can maximize the energy efficiency of stations, use every kilowatt hour of electricity on the "blade", reduce the civil engineering cost and shorten the construction cycle. In Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, a minimalist site solution based on full scene and high integration, which used to take 2-3 days to install a single site, is now reduced to 2 hours; In Langfang, Hebei Province, through the minimalist deployment of blade power supply, the station energy efficiency was improved to 96%, the temperature control loss was reduced by 700 degrees / year, and the line loss was reduced by 50%; Guizhou iron tower replaced three traditional machine rooms with a new cabinet, saving 4400 yuan / month in rent and electricity, and 75% in operation and maintenance. Make full use of green and clean energy, make the whole station move towards linkage, realize efficient coordination of energy supply, energy storage and energy consumption, truly realize "power follows industry" and "energy follows industry", and greatly reduce the energy consumption of the whole station. China is abundant in light and wind energy. Recently, the first batch of "zero carbon" 5g base stations built by China Mobile started pilot operation in Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province. The main daily energy of this 5g zero carbon emission base station comes from photovoltaic power generation. When the wind is strong, wind power is used as a supplement. There is also a backup lithium battery to store energy. In rainy weather, the photovoltaic output is not ideal. It can also start the oil engine remotely. It will not be a problem for 20 days. It is understood that these base stations can truly achieve "zero carbon" emissions during operation, and a single station can reduce carbon emissions by 14.5 tons per year. "High integration" will become an important trend of equipment level energy saving From only supporting "single frequency and single system" to supporting "multi frequency and multi system" evolution, wireless devices should cope with the integrated deployment and efficient operation of multi system and multi network. 5g devices will continue to evolve to a high degree of integration to reduce the number of devices and network energy consumption required for multi network scenario deployment. The main equipment of 5g BTS is mainly composed of AAU (active antenna unit) and BBU (baseband processing unit). The power of BBU is relatively stable, mainly responsible for baseband digital signal processing; AAU integrates RF and large-scale antenna functions, but with the increase of transmission power, power consumption also increases significantly. Under the condition of limited station site resources and tight sky resources, the original "slim" AAU not only has to face the embarrassment of having nowhere to put it, but also poses new challenges to its installation and deployment, operation and maintenance, energy conservation and carbon reduction. Small size and high integration become the rigid demand of operators for AAU products. Recently, Huawei, together with the three major operators, has conducted meta AAU (massive MIMO large-scale antenna array product) pilot station tests in Wuhan, Hubei, Lanzhou, Gansu, Chengdu, Sichuan, Yuncheng, Shanxi, Linyi, Shandong and other cities. The test results show that, compared with the traditional scheme, the meta AAU can simultaneously improve the uplink coverage and downlink coverage of the cell by 30%, and the average experience of edge users can be improved by 25%; With the cell edge coverage index unchanged, the BTS can be configured with lower transmission power, thus reducing the energy consumption of the BTS. Compared with the traditional AAU, the energy consumption is reduced by about 30%. The BBU equipment in the site will dissipate a lot of heat during operation, and refrigeration equipment is required to cool it. Different BBU installation methods will bring different energy-saving effects to a great extent. During the test, ZTE found that the vertical installation of BBU equipment not only reduces the resistance value of external cold air entering the equipment, but also has lower rotating speed and better energy-saving performance. Inner Mongolia Unicom, in conjunction with CITIC branch mobile, conducted vertical installation and transformation of 5g BBU equipment in 16 flag counties in five prefectures, including Ordos, Baotou, Chifeng, Tongliao and Hulunbuir. Under the same external environment, the BBU temperature after the vertical installation and transformation is reduced by 6 ℃ on average and 12.9 ℃ at the highest; At the same time, the vertical installation process is more beautiful, realizing the upper routing of power cables and the lower routing of optical fiber and other signal cables, and the classified routing avoids interference. "Intelligent" operation and maintenance makes the network energy consumption and performance excellent In a 24-hour day, there are idle hours and busy hours for business, and there is also a difference in energy efficiency. Using software to save energy can improve energy efficiency in idle hours and Hibernate corresponding resources. At present, ICT enterprises continue to launch the scheme of "network optimization + energy consumption management". On the premise of ensuring the network quality, Intelligent Collaborative deep sleep, intelligent symbol shutdown, intelligent carrier shutdown and other technologies are applied on 5g networks. For all stations, it is necessary to adjust the operation status according to the actual situation, and carry out software energy-saving scheme research from subframe, channel shutdown and deep sleep, so as to achieve the energy-saving goal. According to the local 5g user distribution and terminal usage, Luoyang Unicom enables the deep sleep function in the no-load state at different time intervals for the three different base station RF unit equipment that have been connected to the network, so as to achieve the purpose of intelligent energy consumption control of base station equipment; Ericsson has developed the tidal power amplifier technology, which can dynamically adjust the PA voltage and automatically optimize the power consumption in real time through the algorithm according to the traffic volume. According to the experimental results, under the typical traffic load, this technology can reduce the power consumption of the RF unit of the base station by 20% and the overall power consumption of the base station by about 15%. Combined with increasingly mature AI, big data, machine learning and other technologies, the configuration scheme with the best overall energy-saving effect of multi-standard network can be realized. Tianjin Mobile adopts ZTE's new digital energy-saving technology, adjusts and adapts based on ZTE's AI engine, seasonal autoregressive differential moving average algorithm, long-term and short-term memory network algorithm, feedforward neural network model and other AI algorithms, and realizes the 24-hour automatic scheduling of the 5g base station channel shutdown function in multiple cells in Tianjin. After implementation, the effective channel shutdown duration of each cell increases from 0.68 hours to 5.16 hours, It is estimated that 740000 kwh of electricity can be saved in the whole year, which is equivalent to 616 tons of carbon emission reduction. For the huge 5g services, different services have different requirements in terms of coverage, capacity, delay, etc. users in the coverage range interfere with each other, which will also cause inconsistent user experience. Operators need to ensure the optimal multi-dimensional service experience through an intelligent wireless network with the best combination of frequency bands, and move towards user-centered network resource allocation. Huawei has launched intelligent ran, a wireless intelligent architecture, built an intelligent engine and intelligent energy-saving algorithm, which can make multi-path decisions and adjust the energy-saving strategy of the whole network. Under the premise of ensuring the user experience, it can reduce the energy consumption of multi frequency and multi system complex networks by more than 27% and maximize energy efficiency. (Xinhua News Agency)
Edit：He Chuanning Responsible editor：Su Suiyue
Source：ECONOMIC DAILY
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