Chinese garden with eternal charm
2022-04-15
Chinese garden art, with its rigorous and ingenious layout, exquisite and superb skills, beautiful scenery, the realm of birds and flowers, and the essence of poetry and painting, makes "those who fly against the sky 'visit the garden' calm down, and those who run the world 'peep into the scenery' forget to return". Classical gardens have a history of 3000 years, which can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties. According to historical records, the king of Shang and Tang Dynasties "lived in a garden and did not stop seeing things"; King Cheng Ji of Zhou recited "stay in the Tongguan Yaotai and manage the world"; Duke Zhuang of the Qin Dynasty "must be stationed in the museum and given a banquet every time he goes hunting" (see Gu Jiegang's debate on ancient history, Vol. 144), which shows that the ancient emperors rested and enjoyed in the garden and managed politics and affairs at the same time. The historical footprint of Chinese classical garden construction has experienced four development periods in terms of its establishment intention, thought and artistic expression: the first is from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Warring States period. The garden construction in this period is characterized by the creation and utilization of natural mountains and rivers. There are few buildings and the construction of cultural landscape. Among them, herbivorous wild animals, birds and birds are stocked for viewing and hunting. Therefore, most of the garden attributes are confined elements, which are expressed as naturalistic gardening techniques. According to historical records, the famous imperial garden "dune enclosure" or "dune garden" in the Yin and Shang Dynasties is a typical representative of naturalistic gardening. It is located 20 miles northeast of Pingxiang, Xingzhou (now Guangzong County, Hebei Province). According to the historical records of justice written by Zhang Shoujie of the Tang Dynasty, the sand dunes are confined to the Chaoge in the South and as far as Handan in the north. During the period of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty, the park "collected dogs and horses to fill the palace; Yiguang sand dune garden and platform, took more wild animals and birds and placed them..." in the spring and autumn and Warring States periods, the sand dunes were still attacked by the state of Zhao. Even after the unification of the six states of Qin Dynasty, the first emperor of Qin went on a tour for the fifth time and "died in shaqiuping platform". In addition, the "pickaxe pool" of King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty and the "spiritual confinement" of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty all rely on the natural mountains and water flow to create restaurants in it and create a naturalistic living space for entertainment. The second is the period from Qin, han to the Three Kingdoms (221 BC to 265 AD), which is the period of realistic gardening. The intention of gardening in this period was to imitate nature. Gardeners have developed from simply using nature to using and transforming nature. However, it still carries the traces of the previous era. The garden is based on nature and pursues the vast. Such as Shanglin garden, Liangyuan garden, Yinge pool, Kunming pool, Taiye pool, Zhaoxiang garden, Yusu garden, Zhuo long garden, Bi Guiling Kun garden, tongquetai and Fanglin garden in the Three Kingdoms era are all characterized by natural wilderness and vast construction. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he built a palace in Xianyang, which developed on the basis of "confinement", forming a garden form with Palace - garden, also known as palace garden. For example, Emperor Qin Shihuang built a forest garden in the south of the Weishui River, in which many palaces were built for amusement. In Xianyang, he "made a long pool, diverted Weihe water... Built soil for Penglai mountain" ("San Qin Ji"), setting a record for man-made mountain stacking. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, built the garden and expanded it on the basis of the Shanglin garden of the Qin Dynasty in the second year of Jianyuan (138 BC). After completion, Shanglinyuan has a grand scale, many palaces and many amusement contents. Shanglinyuan spans Chang'an (today's Xi'an), Xianning, Fuzhi (today's Zhouzhi), Fuxian (today's Huxian) and Lantian counties for 300 miles, almost covering the vast area south and southwest of Chang'an in the capital. According to the old instrument in the book of Han Dynasty, "there are all kinds of animals in the garden. The son of heaven shoots and hunts in the garden in the spring and autumn, and takes countless animals. Among them, 70 leave the palace and allow thousands to ride." It can be seen that the tradition of shooting and hunting is still maintained, but the main content is the garden pool of palace buildings. According to the records of Guanzhong, there are 36 gardens, 12 palaces and 35 temples in Shanglin garden. Such as Jianzhang palace, xuanqu palace, goutai palace, dog view, horse view, fish and bird view, elephant view, white deer view, grape palace, Fuli palace, Chengguang palace, Chuyuan palace, etc. There are also many ponds and marshes in Shanglinyuan, which can be found in Kunming pool, pickaxe pool, sacrifice pool, elk pool, Niushou pool, Kuai pool, jicao pool, Dongpo pool, danglu pool, Dayi pool, Langchi pool, etc. Among them, Kunming pool was dug in the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC) of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is in the southwest of Chang'an, with a circumference of 20 kilometers. It is surrounded by the view. It is also built with a building ship more than ten feet high and a flag on it. It is very spectacular. In ancient times, the cultural meaning and background of some gardens and gardens related to emperors were even more helpful to the appreciation of landscape gardens. For example, Mount Li in Lintong, in addition to the famous night photos of Mount Li, one of the eight scenic spots in Guanzhong, the long flowing hot spring of Mount Li for thousands of years, and the rebuilt halls, pavilions, ponds and trees in previous dynasties, there are also countless vicissitudes of life rumors. When visitors see the ruins of the beacon tower here, they will recall the farce of King Youwang of Zhou Dynasty. Many of the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River that have remained so far are owned by famous literary scholars at that time, and some are designed with the help of famous poets and painters, which itself has a heavy cultural color. Rumengxi garden commemorates Shen Kuo, a famous scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo is a scholar who has also been an official. He is very knowledgeable. "He has written on astronomy, local chronicles, legal calendar, music, medicine and divination.". With the changes of history, most of these works have been lost. Only Mengxi Bitan written in the garden in his later years has been handed down, which is particularly respected by people. The word "Mengxi garden" engraved on the forehead of the white marble door near the street of the garden is the handwriting of Mao Yisheng, a contemporary bridge expert. Stepping into the garden, a positive portrait of Shen Kuo in official clothes is hung in the nave. The two couplets are composed and written by calligrapher Xiao Xian, "a generation of Si Tianjian, talking about Mengxi for thousands of years". Stepping into the backyard, the mountains and rocks are exquisite, the new yellow trees are tall and beautiful, and the trees are green. Up the stairs is Shen Kuo Memorial Hall. A stream in front of the hall is set up according to the pattern of "water flows out of the gorge and one side of the surrounding land". This is the famous Mengxi. Speaking of the word "Mengxi", Shen Kuo also has a deep and meaningful narration in Mengxi autobiography. It turned out that when he was about 30 years old, he had several dreams. He dreamed of traveling in a place. There was a hill full of flowers, like covered with a cloud brocade, and tall trees block out the sky and the sun. There was a clear stream at the bottom of the mountain, which made him very happy. More than ten years later, Shen Kuo was relegated to Xuancheng. A Taoist talked to him about the beautiful landscape of Jingkou (i.e. Zhenjiang). At the right time, the people in the city had an old garden to sell. Shen Kuo was excited and gave the Taoist 300000 money to buy the garden. Later, Shen Kuo was abolished for his crime and traveled everywhere. When he passed Zhenjiang, he looked at the garden he bought. He was surprised that it was the place he had visited in his dream. He sighed, "my fate is right.". So he moved to Zhenxi and named it "Zhenxi". Although the scenery of Mengxi garden is simple, it means a lot. This ancient garden also has a certain position in the history of culture. Gardens should collect the beautiful scenery of natural mountains and forests in a small range, so that "eight poles can be surrounded by inch eyes, and all things can be together in one day". They often use the means of artistic symbol or metaphor to give infinite meaning to the limited landscape image, so that the general Garden scenery has higher ornamental value. For example, a garden in Yangzhou is not only famous for bamboo, but its four seasons rockery is also unique in domestic gardens. In the real world, the four seasons can not appear together. The landscaping of the four seasons mountain itself contains the meaning of "true is false, false comes true". Spring is the earliest in a year. Spring mountain is at the entrance of Yuanshan. This is a group of mountain and stone flower terraces for landscaping: however, it can be seen that bamboos are planted on the stage, and several stalagmites are lit between the bamboos, which can inspire visitors' Association of "spring". Behind the bamboo forest is a window leakage and whitewash wall. The light and shadow of bamboo and stone are projected on the wall, and the shadow moves day by day, which is quite interesting in the mountain forest in spring. If rocks are the skeleton of gardens, then water and springs are the blood of gardens. In the process of garden construction, drainage and water diversion are equally important. Since the Qin emperor and the Han Dynasty diverted water into the pond, the gardens of all dynasties have paid attention to the construction of water in the garden. Because the water potential is full of changes and has the beauty of dynamic and static cadence. As the "Huai Nan Zi Ben Jing Xun" said: "the depth of the polluted land is as far as the cliffs. When you come to the stream of the valley and decorate the curved bank, accumulate an ultimatum and spin stones to repair the ridge with purity. Restrain the anger Sete to raise the shock wave." For example, although Zhang Lun's residence garden is dominated by mountains and stones, it also pays attention to the setting off of "deep streams, caves and gullies" against mountains and stones. Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty built Luoyang Xiyuan, especially the spring water in the garden. "Sui Shu · records of food and goods" contains: "(Yang emperor) opened canals to lead Valley and Luoshui, entering from the garden in the West and injecting into Luohe in the East." Liu axe of the Song Dynasty said in the story of emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Xiyuan "has 16 courtyards inside, where earth is gathered to form mountains and carved into all corners of the country... Each lake is 40 miles away... The soil accumulated in the lake is a mountain, which forms pavilions and halls. There are thousands of rooms in the vast area, and there are 40 miles around the Beihai Lu. There are three mountains in the middle, including Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou. All the pavilions and cloisters are located on the top. The water depth is several meters. There are narrow lakes, five lakes and Beihai. All of them pass through the dragon and Phoenix Ge, and many emperors pan the East Lake" (Qing Suo Gao Yi · later volume V). The combination of waterscape with mountains and buildings is so ingenious, which shows that the water body has the artistic function of organizing huge garden space and countless natural and architectural scenery in Garden Aesthetics. The water in the ancient garden is the vivid finishing touch of the landscape. "Clouds and fog moisten and steam China without paying attention, and waves shake Daming Lake". This is a pair of couplets engraved on the column of Luoyuan Hall of Baotu Spring in Jinan. It is a famous spring chanting sentence by Zhao Mengfu, a yuan calligraphy painter, and writes the beauty of this famous spring shape and harmony. At the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, because the water temperature of Baotu Spring is higher than the surrounding temperature, a layer of water vapor condenses and floats on the water surface, which is like smoke and mist. Coupled with the sound of the spring and waves, it adds charm to this moving scenery. Chinese classical garden is unique in the history of world gardening. It is closely connected with ancient philosophy and aesthetic thought. Today, Chinese garden culture is not gradually weathered with history, but retains the spiritual core of traditional garden culture, follows the continuous growth of modern aesthetics and contemporary culture, and is walking out of a unique new Chinese garden road. (outlook new era)
Edit：Yuanqi Tang Responsible editor：Xiao Yu
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