The artistic life of Shandong painter Shang Qi in Yuan Dynasty
2022-04-07
The dance poem drama "only this green", based on the painting of thousands of miles of rivers and mountains by Wang Ximeng, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, was popular in this year's CCTV Spring Festival Gala, attracting a lot of praise. In the Yuan Dynasty, a Shandong painter also had a green landscape painting spring mountain scroll. Like Wang Ximeng, he has only one painting handed down to future generations. This painting is now collected in the Palace Museum. His name is Shang Qi, the word De Fu, the name Shouyan, from Caozhou (now Heze City, Shandong Province). Shang Qi was born in a scholarly family of officials. His grandfather Shang Heng was a Jinshi of Jin Zhining Yuannian (1213). He was an honest and upright official who supervised the imperial historian. Father Shang Ting was a famous official with both literature and martial arts in the early Yuan Dynasty. His word was Meng Qing and his name was Zuo Shan. In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1264), Shang Ting was called into the capital to worship as the Chinese secretary and participate in political affairs. He successively held the same positions as the Privy Council, the Privy Council, the Deputy privy envoy and the Wang Xiang of Anxi. Shang Ting was also a famous Sanqu composer in the Yuan Dynasty. In his youth, he made friends with the famous poet Yuan Haowen, and worked in poetry, calligraphy and painting. There are more than a thousand poems, but many of them have been lost. Now there are 19 Sanqu songs, mostly about love and scenery in the four seasons. After his death, he posthumously presented it to the grand master and Duke of Lu with the posthumous title of Wending. Shang Ting has five sons: Shang Hu, Shang Yu, Shang Tang, Shang Yu and Shang Qi. With such a superior family environment, as the youngest son of Shang Ting, Shang Qi has been influenced and nurtured by her father since childhood and has profound literary and artistic cultivation. In the eighth year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1304), Emperor Chengzong tiemu'er summoned Shang Qi to prepare for Suwei. Shang Qi had a close relationship with Aiyu Li Bali Bada (later yuan Renzong), who was a fashionable prince. In the first year of Huangqing (1312), Renzong ascended the throne and granted Shang Qi a bachelor's degree and a doctor of chaolie. In the fourth year of Yanyou (1317), he was promoted to serve as an official and a doctor of Tongfeng. On the second day of November in the third year of governance (1323), he was promoted to Secretary General and official third grade. Shang Qi has a prominent position and is appreciated and favored by the emperor. Shang Qi was good at painting landscapes and ink bamboo. He followed the famous painters of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Cheng and Guo Xi. He imitated the ancients and nature. He painted with his own understanding and personal experience. His strokes were majestic, elegant, clear and interesting. He was also famous day by day. He was known as the "three heroes of the early Yuan Dynasty" together with Gao Kegong and Zhao Mengfu, and was praised as "unique", "unique art" and "unparalleled in the world". His painting style influenced the painting world in the late Yuan Dynasty. Ke Jiusi, a famous calligrapher and painter of the Yuan Dynasty, wrote a poem in Shangqi's landscape painting: "there are many strange and changeable names, and the pen power is natural everywhere. Wang Weijiu's death calls for no rise, and this painting is suspicious and reborn." Another cloud said: "Jixian once painted Jiaxi clothes and gave gold to worship and dance. From then on, he painted landscapes on earth, and the clear spring and white stone turned into sunshine." Although there was no painting academy in the court of the Yuan Dynasty, Shang Qi was actually a senior painter in the court. After Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, established the Yuan Dynasty and made the capital Dadu, he changed the practice of decorating royal palaces with gold and silver in the previous dynasty and advocated decorating them with murals, which was both economical and cultural, and was inherited by successive emperors as the old system of his ancestors. Some rich and noble families, dignitaries and dignitaries are also artful. Famous painters are invited to paint murals with themes such as landscape, bamboo, stone, flowers and birds in the hall of the residence. Therefore, murals in the Yuan Dynasty are relatively prosperous. Buddhist temples, Taoist palaces and royal palaces are decorated with murals, and the painting content is also very extensive. The murals of temples and temples are mostly done by folk painters, while the murals of imperial palaces and noble mansions are mostly made by literati and scholar bureaucrats. Shang Qi is the leader of murals. Renzong once ordered him to paint walls without gold, vermilion and pastels, but only ink. It can be seen that his ink landscape, bamboo and stone paintings were unique at that time. He painted many murals in his life. At that time, many murals of palaces and noble houses were written by him. For example, Ding Fu, a poet at that time, wrote a poem about Shang Qi's painting murals in the prince's residence of Renzong: "at that time, people could use Shang De Fu, and the west of renhuang's residence made a floating map. They were unhappy that the God Jun traveled to the eight poles and loved the LUOHUAN district. The plain wall should not draw gods and ghosts, nor paint with gold and ink. But they made the water and ink write the rivers and mountains, and the roots of green pines and red cypresses." Shang Qi also painted murals on mu'er's residence for the imperial historian. Zhao Mengfu praised it in a poem: "the mountains fill the sky, and the hills are flat and far through the clouds. There are gullies in Shang Hou's chest, so he can distinguish Yan with his pen." Zhu Xiyan, a poet of the Yuan Dynasty, also wrote a poem entitled "painting the wall at the dawn of spring in Meishan by a Bachelor of Commerce of Kaiyuan Dynasty": "The rising sun in the special court moves away from the clear sky, and the clear windows are shining with snow. The mountain Weng takes away the cold Ling and sweeps away the poor Yin and illusory silver que. The flowing water dissolves the spring waves, and Emei washes its makeup. The servant bun is green. It seems that there is the sound of an ape in the sky. The ancient trees stand on the edge of the clouds and stand alone on the half wall of the southwest sky. Lie down and watch the ginseng well hanging high in the autumn, and do not pick it by hand. There is no such beautiful landscape in the world. In what year, the Ying sea comes to the immortal cliff. You should not cover the spring day with green, and the clouds tun the empty house at night." Shang Qi once sent envoys to Shu, traveled to the south of the Yangtze River, and enjoyed the magnificent mountains and rivers of China, which was of great benefit to his painting creation. Most of the murals he painted were the magnificent scenery of Bashu and the beautiful scenery of the mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze river. Yu Ji, a poet of the Yuan Dynasty, said in a poem: "when the Shang Dynasty used to watch Qin and Shu, the sword pavilion was towering and the pen opened. He lived in the south of the Yangtze River for three years. If it was not Lufu, it would be the roof." There is a poem written by the emperor of Emei, the emperor of Emei, who came to the west of the pond to fight for the rain. The poem of the emperor of Emei, Zhang Jianyan, also lingered in the west of the pond As a member of the imperial court, Shang Qi was favored by the emperor. His paintings mainly serve the court and never easily paint for others in society. At that time, the eminent monk Dayi asked him for a painting and stayed in the mountain for more than ten days, but Shang Qi didn't send the painting after his death. He wrote a poem: "as soon as De Fu drinks a stone wine, he stays in the mountain for a long time. Take me home with a bunch of silk and draw it into nothing. How lucky is Xi Weng to get half of it and send the dead wood with me." Coupled with the change of dynasties, war and chaos, Shang Qi's surviving works are very rare. From the poems written by literati and painters at that time, it can be seen that Shang Qi painted some beautiful landscapes at that time. For example, Zhao Mengfu wrote a poem entitled "the picture of spring dawn in Taoyuan in Shangqi": "at the beginning of the night, the green mountains are wet, the red falls are colorful, and the stream water is urgent. There is more spring in the peach blossom garden, and the spring smoke at the entrance of the cave shakes the green rose. The green rose shakes the smoke and hangs on the cliff, and the flying spring flows down 3000 feet. The Yao grass is far away from the man stream, and the long pines fall and fall in the sky. The cockcrow and dog bark form a village, and the residents never know each other. The immortal tourists in Yingzhou know the immortal Road, dye the Danqing, and send light vegetables. Where is there such a picture of the mountain? I want to move to the mountain." From this poem, we can know that Shang Qi's picture of Taoyuan spring dawn is a beautiful scene of Taoyuan spring dawn on Tiantai Mountain. Unfortunately, we have no chance to see the original painting today. At present, the only work recognized as the work of Shang Qi is the atlas of spring mountain, which is now stored in the Palace Museum. The spring mountain scroll is a two meter long scroll of green mountains and rivers, which gives people the beauty of green mountains and everything. In the distant view, the mountains are continuous, winding and undulating, covered with smoke, dense clouds and magnificent momentum; The nearby mountains are emerald, and the trees are luxuriant and lush, showing the full spring of the birth machine; The stream in the mountain stream flows from top to bottom, sometimes fast and sometimes gentle. It seems to hear the sound of spring flowing, which adds dynamic to the quiet mountains and rivers and shows infinite vitality; The pines and cypresses at the foot of the mountain are tall and straight, the jungle is mixed with trees, the green is deep and beautiful, the lake is broad, the water ripples, and the houses on the shore are like scattered in the trees, which is a paradise of the world; The figures in the picture account for a small proportion, but the shape is accurate. With only a few strokes, they point out their status as scholars and refined guests. They either talk to each other, exchange comments, or walk slowly with sticks and enjoy the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers in the mountains and forests. The painting also shows Shang Qi's desire for leisure and plain life. At that time, Zhang Yu said in his poem "giving a Business Bachelor's virtue and Fu": "a poor man is confident as Tao Kan, and who can be like Zheng Qian." (outlook new era)
Edit：Yuanqi Tang Responsible editor：Xiao Yu
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