Archaeology finds more memories of the Chinese nation
2022-04-01
The top ten new archaeological discoveries in 2021 were announced on March 31. Whether the 10 projects finally listed or the 10 projects that stopped at the final evaluation, they are the representatives of more than 1700 archaeological projects in China in 2021. Piluo site, Daocheng, Sichuan Erase the "movis line" from the Chinese sample The site is located in Daocheng County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. It is a Paleolithic wilderness site. The most significant discovery of the site is the hand axe and thin cutting axe with rich quantity, regular shape and mature technology. It is the asheri combination with the most typical shape, the most exquisite production, the most mature technology and the most complete combination in East Asia. It is also the asheri technical product with the highest altitude in the world. Asheri technology is the symbol of the development of early human wisdom and skills to a peak. According to the hypothesis of "movis line" in the 1940s, in the Paleolithic age, Europe, the Middle East and Africa to the west of the line were the advanced areas of early human culture and the advanced cultural circle represented by Ashley Hand Axe and capable of mastering advanced tool manufacturing technology; China and other regions to the east of the line are "marginal areas with backward culture" characterized by the manufacture of simple choppers. The asheri combination found at the Piro site has drawn a pause for the debate on the "movis line". ● expert comments: Zhao Hui (Professor of the school of archaeology, culture and Museum of Peking University and vice president of the Chinese Archaeological Society) The site covers an area of 1 million square meters. Among the Paleolithic sites, it is an extremely rare large site. The piluo site is more than 3700 meters above sea level. At present, the hand axe has been found 130000 years ago, which means that 130000 years or even earlier, Chinese people can conquer extreme environments such as high altitude and high cold. The new discovery broke through the "movis line" and provided new data for the study of early large-scale human migration and technological exchange. Huangshan site in Nanyang, Henan Dushan Jade manufacturing "Industrial Park" The site is located in Pushan Town, Wolong District, northeast of Nanyang City, Henan Province. It is a central settlement site with distinctive jade making characteristics of Neolithic Yangshao culture, Qujialing culture and Shijiahe culture. Archaeologists excavated and unearthed a number of large-scale architectural sites of "qianfang Houju" and medium-sized architectural sites of "Fangju in one". This complex is one of the best preserved prehistoric buildings in China, with high walls and complete internal facilities. In particular, the largest "qianfang Houju" 7-unit large-scale long room with an area of more than 150 square meters, numbered F1, is extremely rare. Thousands of tools and raw materials related to jade making were unearthed from the site. One millstone pier is even painted with freehand drawings of maroon people working, lying pigs and orchids, which can be called a masterpiece. The texture of stone tools is mainly Dushan stone, mainly agricultural tools and weapons. The jade material is mainly Dushan jade. ● expert comments: Zhao Hui (Professor of the school of archaeology, culture and Museum of Peking University and vice president of the Chinese Archaeological Society) A large number of materials related to the processing and production of jade and stone tools were found in Huangshan site. Nanyang has Dushan jade, which is produced in Dushan. This is the first case of human beings using and developing high-quality stone materials. The spread range of things made here continues to expand, and it has become an economic center, manufacturing center, etc. Gangshang site, Tengzhou, Shandong The late Dawenkou city was discovered for the first time The site is located on both sides of the Fuhe River in the east of Chengang village, Dongshahe street, Tengzhou City. The era is mainly in the middle and late Dawenkou Culture, and there are also some remains of the Eastern Zhou and Han Dynasties. Archaeology has found a huge city site: about 800 meters long from east to west, 550 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 400000 square meters, 10-22 meters wide city walls, 10-60 meters wide trenches and 2.8 meters deep. This is the largest Dawenkou cultural city site found in Haidai area. Tombs are distributed in a concentrated manner, with obvious arrangement rules. There are great differences in the levels of tombs, mainly in the volume, structure of burial utensils and funerary objects, which can be divided into three categories: large, medium and small. The structures of burial utensils such as triple coffin and utensil box are the earliest discoveries at present. ● expert comments: Chen Xingcan (member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Institute of Archaeology) This is the first time to discover the city in the late Dawenkou Culture, and it is also a huge city. The tombs on the site are planned orderly. The large tomb can be about 10 square meters, and there are more than 100 funerary objects in the large tomb, which is very rare, indicating that this society is highly divided. This site is important because it plays a key role in demonstrating the 5000 year history of Chinese civilization, especially the 5000 year history of the origin of Chinese civilization in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Sacrificial area of Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Sichuan Ancient Shu civilization is an important part of Chinese civilization The site is located in the western suburb of Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, in the Tuojiang River Basin in the north of Chengdu Plain, covering an area of about 12 square kilometers. The archaeological excavation in the sacrificial area is one of the implementation contents of the major project "Research on the process of Bashu civilization in Sichuan and Chongqing" of the "archaeological China" of the State Administration of cultural relics. Since the excavation started in March 2020, a total area of 1202 square meters has been excavated. 6 "sacrificial pits", 78 ash pits, 55 ash ditches, 341 pillar holes, 4 house sites and 2 tombs have been found, and the distribution scope and internal layout of the sacrificial area have been preliminarily understood. More than 12000 pieces of numbered cultural relics (more than 2300 pieces of nearly complete utensils) were unearthed from the six "sacrificial pits", and more than 450 pieces of complete ivory were extracted. A large number of cultural relics were unearthed in pits 1 and 2 excavated in 1986, which combined the factors of ancient Shu civilization, Central Plains Civilization and other local cultures, indicating that ancient Shu civilization is an important part of Chinese civilization. Some new artifacts excavated this time, such as the bronze statue of kneeling on the top, the square statue of copper round mouth, jade Cong, silk fabrics, gold mask and ivory carving, further consolidate this understanding. ● expert comments: Chen Xingcan (member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Institute of Archaeology) The newly discovered unprecedented relics and cultural relics further enrich the cultural connotation of Sanxingdui site, and will also deepen the research on the sacrificial scene and sacrificial system of Sanxingdui site and ancient Shu civilization. Through the physical objects, especially the cultural relics unearthed from the six sacrificial pits, it has once again demonstrated that Bashu civilization and Sanxingdui civilization are important parts of Chinese civilization. Zhengjiahu tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei Historical scenes of activating important nodes in the process of reunification The cemetery is located in the southeast suburb of the city site of Chu Wang Cheng, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, with a total area of about 150000 square meters. The archaeology cleared a number of rare water saturated tombs of Qin culture, which greatly enriched the integrity of Qin tomb data. The full text of the wooden Gu in the late Warring States period is about 700 words, which is the earliest "China's first long text Gu" seen at present. The font is a typical Qin Li, and the shape is rare; Gu Wen is not found in the records handed down from generation to generation, which provides a brand-new document for today's people. Rare wood paintings of burial utensils were also found, dating from the end of the Warring States period to the Qin Dynasty and the Qin and Han Dynasties. The themes were first seen, filling the historical gap in the material and type of Chinese tomb paintings during this period. ● expert comments: Wang Wei (member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society) Area ab of zhengjiahu cemetery belongs to Chu people, and area C is the tomb after Qin people occupied this area. These materials show the historical process of the gradual integration of Qin culture and Chu culture, unification in Han culture and integration into Chinese civilization, and provide a typical case for the study of the formation of China's multi-ethnic unified country from the late Warring States period to the early Han Dynasty, the historical process of Chinese civilization from Pluralism to unification and the national identity reflected behind it. Jiangcun tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi This is the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty The tomb is located on the Bailuyuan in the eastern suburb of Xi'an, about 2000 meters north of the "Phoenix mouth", which is said to be the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. After several explorations, it was finally confirmed that the tomb is a "sub" - shaped vertical hole earth Kuang wooden coffin tomb. There is no sealing soil on the ground. The side of the tomb is 73 meters long, surrounded by more than 110 external storage pits, and the periphery forms a cemetery with "stone enclosure" and gate que. A wider range of rammed wall sites have also been discovered around the periphery of empress Dou's Mausoleum on its west side, forming a large cemetery enclosing the two. In the Daling Park, two 23 outer storage pits and four architectural sites were also found. The bronze seals of "Chefu", "Qifu", "zhongsikong seal", "Nanbao Sikong" and "Beibao Sikong" were also cleared out in the outer storage pit. Archaeological data show that Jiangcun tomb and its surrounding relics form a relatively complete mausoleum area, which is similar to the shape elements such as the Changling of emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty and the Yangling of emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty, with similar plane layout, similar overall scale, and obvious development and evolution track. Combined with literature records, it can be confirmed that the tomb of Jiangcun is the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. ● expert comments: Wang Wei (member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society) The excavation of the tomb of emperor Wenba of the Han Dynasty at wenzui was denied. Through the archaeological excavation of Jiangcun tomb, it can be seen that the double cemetery, the middle of the imperial mausoleum, and the layout of the outer storage pit symbolizing the official office around the imperial mausoleum are all imitations of the activities and living scenes before death. This concept is a major feature of the mausoleum of successive Chinese emperors. In addition, the gold and silver ware with grassland style found is the direct evidence of the exchange and integration of agricultural culture and nomadic culture in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. The tombs of the Tuyuhun royal family in the Tang Dynasty in Wuwei, Gansu Province The destination of the mysterious royal family The tombs are located in the southwest of Wuwei City, Gansu Province and at the north foot of Qilian Mountain. They are mainly distributed on the mountains on the North Bank of Binggou River and Dashui River in Wuwei Nanshan District. The tomb of murongzhi, King Xi of Tuyuhun was excavated. It is a single chamber brick chamber tomb with a long slope tomb path. It is the only well preserved Tomb of Tuyuhun royal family found at present. A large number of exquisite funerary objects unearthed in the tomb, such as Hu bed, Liuqu screen, halberd house model, complete sets of military equipment, etc., are the first or rare discovery of relevant cultural relics in the same period in China. The epitaph unearthed from the tomb mentioned for the first time the existence of the "Great Khan Mausoleum" in Wuwei Nanshan District. The left side of the epitaph is also engraved with two lines of characters synthesized by the radicals of Chinese characters, which is preliminarily judged to be the national characters of Tuyuhun. The epitaph of Madame Dang of Fengyi County, unearthed in the 27th year of Kaiyuan Dynasty (739) with the number of "Machangtan M2", the records about the pengzi family of Tuguhun, are of great value to the study of a series of problems, such as the history of Tuguhun, the military system of the Tang Dynasty, especially the Tang fan war before and after the an Shi rebellion, the Yanzhou government and the source of the "Ansai army". ● expert comments: Wang Wei (member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society) The tomb of murongzhi, the king of tuyuhunxi, is rich in funerary objects. In particular, a large number of silk fabrics were unearthed, which let us know the superb textile technology of the Tang Dynasty. This area is located on the traffic artery of the western region under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty, which provides very valuable first-hand information for the study of the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and various tribes and nationalities along the Silk Road, traffic history, arts and crafts history, etc; It also reveals the formation of unified multi-ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty from another side. Keyakkuduk beacon site in Yuli, Xinjiang Memory of garrison in the western regions of Tang Dynasty The beacon site is located in the desert no man's land 90 kilometers southeast of Yuli County, Xinjiang. It is one of the Peacock River beacon groups, a national key cultural relics protection unit. Among the cultural relics unearthed at the site, the most striking ones are the largest number of documents and materials of the Tang Dynasty unearthed at the archaeological sites in China, as well as the first discovery of wooden slips in Chinese of the Tang Dynasty
Edit：Yuanqi Tang Responsible editor：Xiao Yu
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