Which positions will be more popular with college graduates in 2021
2022-01-04
What is the employment situation in 2021? The research group of "national employment survey of college graduates" of Peking University has conducted a questionnaire survey on college graduates since June 2021. The sample includes 34 universities in 19 provinces in eastern, central and Western China, with a sample size of more than 20000 people. The statistical results show that the employment situation of college graduates in China is generally stable in 2021. The details are as follows: The concept of "slow employment" increased slightly in 2021 From the overall implementation rate, there is little difference between 2021 and 2019 before the epidemic. The destination structure of graduates in 2021 is also basically similar to that in 2019. There has been no significant change in the proportion of determined units, further education, going abroad, independent entrepreneurship, freelance and other flexible employment. Among them, the proportion of unit employment was 32.1%, 5.3 percentage points lower than that in 2019. The "reservoir" of higher education talents plays a significant role, and the proportion of entering higher education is 29.3%, an increase of 4 percentage points over 2019. The proportion of freelancing increased slightly (up 0.8 percentage points), the proportion of independent entrepreneurship was basically the same, and the proportion of going abroad and other flexible employment decreased slightly compared with 2019. The data also show that the employment concept of "slow employment", "slow employment" and "lazy employment" increased slightly in 2021, and 7.9% of graduates chose "no employment, planned to go to school" or "other temporary employment", an increase of 1.8 percentage points over 2019. If these graduates choose active employment, the overall implementation rate will be further improved. There are significant academic differences in graduation destination. Master students and doctoral students have obvious advantages in unit employment, accounting for 64.5% and 54.6% respectively; Influenced by the expansion of graduate enrollment, undergraduates have a significant advantage in entering higher education, which is 35.3%; The proportion of junior college students in independent entrepreneurship, free occupation and other flexible employment is significantly higher than that of graduates with other degrees, with a total proportion of 24.0%. There are significant differences in education, schools, disciplines and regions. In terms of academic qualifications, the implementation rate of master students is the highest (82.2%), undergraduate students is the lowest (74.4%), junior college students (80.6%) and doctoral students (77.9%) are the second and third respectively, and the implementation rate of graduates with various academic qualifications has reached more than 70%. In terms of school types, the implementation rate of building first-class universities is the highest (82.2%); Followed by higher vocational colleges and first-class discipline construction universities, with implementation rates of 81.4% and 81.0% respectively; The implementation rates of private colleges / Independent Colleges and ordinary undergraduate colleges are relatively low, 70.8% and 71.6% respectively; The implementation rate of all kinds of colleges and universities has reached more than 70%. In terms of disciplines, the implementation rates of engineering and science are significantly higher, 83.6% and 79.3% respectively; The implementation rates of pedagogy, medicine and agronomy are low, all below 70%, 66.3%, 68.3% and 68.9% respectively. Employment income increased slightly compared with 2019 before the epidemic From the employment quality reflected by objective income, the value of human capital has been effectively reflected in the employment market. The higher the education, the more income. The average monthly starting salary of doctor, master, undergraduate and junior college in 2021 is 14823 yuan, 10113 yuan, 5825 yuan and 3910 yuan respectively; The median was 15000 yuan, 9000 yuan, 5000 yuan and 3500 yuan respectively. The average income of graduates at all levels of education increased compared with 2019 before the epidemic, reflecting that the quality of employment not only did not decline, but also increased steadily. There are significant differences in schools, disciplines and employment regions. According to the types of schools, the starting salary of first-class universities is the highest, 10827 yuan; Secondly, the first-class discipline construction of colleges and universities is 7346 yuan; The third is ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities, which is 6043 yuan. In terms of discipline categories, engineering, science and interdisciplinary ranked among the top three, with 8341 yuan, 7909 yuan and 7838 yuan respectively. Economics and management, which are popular in the college entrance examination volunteers, do not show special advantages in income, indicating that graduates from all disciplines have market demand. In order to improve the efficiency of job matching in the labor market and promote the high-quality development of economy, we should choose disciplines and Majors Based on personal interests and specialties. In terms of employment areas, the monthly starting salaries in the eastern, central and western regions are 7620 yuan, 5868 yuan and 5512 yuan respectively. The employment income in the eastern region is relatively high. The employment distribution is basically similar to that in 2019 before the epidemic From the employment distribution of graduates from determined units, the characteristics of the disequilibrium of China's labor market structure are more significant. The unbalanced distribution of regions, urban and rural areas, industries, units and occupations is significant. Compared with 2019 before the epidemic, the urban-rural distribution, industry distribution, unit distribution and other structures of graduates' employment did not show great volatility. In terms of urban and rural distribution, the employment proportion of provincial capital cities or municipalities directly under the central government accounts for more than half, 54.9%; Followed by prefecture level cities, accounting for 27.3%; County level cities or counties ranked third, accounting for 12.3%; The proportion of township and rural areas is very low, only 4.1% and 1.5% respectively. Places at and below the county level are also places where graduates can make great achievements (the proportion is 17.9%). China has built a well-off society and completely eliminated the poor. The 19th National Congress proposed the implementation of the rural revitalization plan to achieve common prosperity in the future. Therefore, the employment of graduates at and below the county level is not only an opportunity for social development in the new era, but also the bounden responsibility of college students to contribute to the society. From the perspective of industry distribution, the characteristics of high employment concentration still exist. Economic transformation and development and industrial structure adjustment have significantly changed the ranking of industry employment. In 2021, education, manufacturing, information transmission, software and information technology services (hereinafter referred to as "it"), finance, scientific research and technology services became the five industries with the largest proportion, accounting for 15.1%, 14.5%, 13.1%, 8.5% and 7.4% respectively, totaling 58.6%. Compared with 2019, education still ranks first, manufacturing industry rises from third to second, it industry drops from second to third, financial industry still ranks fourth, and scientific research and technical services replace construction industry in fifth. This year's "government work report" proposed to "maintain the basic stability of the proportion of manufacturing industry". From the industry distribution of graduates' employment, this goal has been well implemented. The manufacturing industry not only rose in the ranking, but also increased by 2.6 percentage points over 2019. In the face of the volatile international situation, improving the ability of independent innovation and breaking through key technologies is a key issue in building a new development pattern in China. During the 14th Five Year Plan period, China will further increase investment in R & D and attract graduates for employment. This measure increased the proportion of scientific research and technical services by 2.7 percentage points compared with 2019, ranking among the top five for the first time. From the perspective of unit nature distribution, enterprises are the main units to attract graduates for employment, and about three-quarters of the graduates who have been determined to work in enterprises (73.8%). Private enterprises account for the largest proportion, absorbing more than one-third of graduates (35.2%); The proportion of state-owned enterprises ranked second, accounting for 25.0%; The role of foreign-funded enterprises can not be ignored, accounting for 6.6%. Nearly half (49.3%) of the college graduates who work in institutions within the system (state-owned enterprises, party and government organs and institutions), of which the total proportion of working in primary and secondary schools and colleges and universities is 9.0%. Since the reform and opening up, China's private enterprises have developed into an important supporting force of social economy and an important focus of "stabilizing employment". College students should have a higher vision. They should not limit themselves to the work circle within the system. Working in private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises can also contribute to the country and society. Students should establish such a view: as long as they can give full play to their personal strengths, contribute to the country and society, help others and reflect the value of life, they are good jobs. Therefore, for fresh graduates who are still looking for a job, they should actively adjust their employment concept and mentality, take the initiative to learn about employment information and job-hunting skills from schools, teachers and classmates, strive to find a job according to their own ability, believe that their efforts will be rewarded, and finally find a "good job" suitable for themselves. (outlook new era)
Edit：Yuanqi Tang Responsible editor：Xiao Yu
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